Table 3.
Associations of SSB, LNCB, and FJ intakes with FLI-defined NAFLD prevalence for categories of beverage consumption in all cohorts.
| PR (95% CI) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SSB | LNCB | FJ | |||||||
| No intake | ≤2 servings/week | >2 servings/week | No intake | ≤2 servings/week | >2 servings/week | No intake | ≤2 servings/week | >2 servings/week | |
| Lifelines | |||||||||
| N total | 13949 | 9262 | 14,122 | 14,476 | 7929 | 14,305 | 8154 | 11,747 | 17,039 |
| N(%) cases | 3325 (24) | 1438 (18) | 3781 (27) | 2897 (20) | 1454 (18) | 3849 (27) | 2180 (27) | 2322 (20) | 3698 (22) |
| Model 1b | 1 (ref) | 0.75 (0.71–0.79) | 1.08 (0.99–1.09) | 1 (ref) | 0.95 (0.90–1.01) | 1.51 (1.45–1.58) | 1 (ref) | 0.78 (0.75–0.82) | 0.87 (0.83–0.90) |
| Model 2c | 1 (ref) | 0.77 (0.73–1.04) | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | 1 (ref) | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) | 1.50 (1.44–1.56) | 1 (ref) | 0.85 (0.81–0.90) | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) |
| Model 3d | 1 (ref) | 0.90 (0.86–0.95) | 1.08 (1.03–1.13) | 1 (ref) | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) | 1.48 (1.42–1.54) | 1 (ref) | 0.92 (0.87–0.96) | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) |
| NQPlusa | |||||||||
| N total | 737 | 412 | 192 | 883 | 268 | 190 | 292 | 493 | 556 |
| N(%) cases | 155 (21) | 90 (22) | 45 (23) | 160 (18) | 65 (24) | 65 (34) | 66 (23) | 109 (22) | 115 (21) |
| Model 1b | 1 (ref) | 0.95 (0.76–1.20) | 1.03 (0.76–1.39) | 1 (ref) | 1.28 (1.00–1.64) | 1.78 (1.40–2.26) | 1 (ref) | 0.97 (0.74–1.26) | 0.91 (0.70–1.18) |
| Model 2c | 1 (ref) | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) | 1.01 (0.74–1.36) | 1 (ref) | 1.22 (0.96–1.57) | 1.67 (1.30–2.13) | 1 (ref) | 0.99 (0.76–1.28) | 0.93 (0.71–1.20) |
| Model 3d | 1 (ref) | 1.06 (0.84–1.34) | 1.02 (0.74–1.39) | 1 (ref) | 1.17 (0.91–1.51) | 1.50 (1.18–1.91) | 1 (ref) | 1.08 (0.83–1.41) | 1.02 (0.79–1.32) |
| PREDIMED-Plus | |||||||||
| N total | 180 | 49 | 21 | 189 | 45 | 16 | 77 | 41 | 132 |
| N(%) cases | 139 (77) | 10 (80) | 17 (81) | 142 (75) | 40 (89) | 13 (81) | 58 (75) | 28 (68) | 109 (83) |
| Model 1b | 1 (ref) | 1.02 (0.87–1.21) | 1.00 (0.79–1.26) | 1 (ref) | 1.20 (1.04–1.37) | 1.08 (0.85–1.37) | 1 (ref) | 0.92 (0.72–1.18) | 1.10 (0.95–1.28) |
| Model 2c | 1 (ref) | 1.00 (0.85–1.17) | 0.97 (0.78–1.22) | 1 (ref) | 1.22 (1.07–1.40) | 1.07 (0.85–1.34) | 1 (ref) | 0.92 (0.73–1.16) | 1.10 (0.94–1.28) |
| Model 3d | 1 (ref) | 0.97 (0.83–1.14) | 0.96 (0.75–1.24) | 1 (ref) | 1.23 (1.07–1.43) | 1.12 (0.89–1.42) | 1 (ref) | 0.95 (0.76–1.20) | 1.13 (0.96–1.32) |
| AOC | |||||||||
| N total | 1577 | 721 | 1195 | NA | NA | NA | 873 | 630 | 1990 |
| N(%) cases | 903 (57) | 426 (59) | 761 (64) | 567 (65) | 362 (58) | 1163 (58) | |||
| Model 1b | 1 (ref) | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 1.09 (1.02–1.15) | NA | NA | NA | 1 (ref) | 0.89 (0.82–0.96) | 0.91 (0.85–0.96) |
| Model 2c | 1 (ref) | 1.03 (0.95–1.10) | 1.08 (1.02–1.15) | NA | NA | NA | 1 (ref) | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) | 0.94 (0.89–1.00) |
| Model 3d | 1 (ref) | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) | 1.09 (1.02–1.16) | NA | NA | NA | 1 (ref) | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) |
| Pooled | |||||||||
| Model 3d | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | 1.08 (1.04–1.12) | 1.13 (1.00–1.26) | 1.38 (1.15–1.61) | 0.92 (0.88–0.97) | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | |||
| I2, p value | 75%, <0.01 | 0%, 0.78 | 72%, 0.03 | 78%, 0.01 | 0%, 0.74 | 18%, 0.30 | |||
AOC Alpha Omega Cohort, CI confidence interval, FJ fruit juice, LNCB low/no-calorie sweetened beverages, NQPlus Nutrition Questionnaire Plus, PR prevalence ratio, SSB sugar-sweetened beverages.
aImputed with multiple imputation method.
bModel 1: adjusted for age and sex.
cModel 2: model 1 with additional adjustment for education levels, moderate physical activity, sedentary behaviour, smoking status, alcohol intake.
dModel 3: model 2 with additional adjustment for grains, potatoes, vegetable, fruit, meat and processed meat, dairy, coffee, tea, legumes, nuts, oils and fats, sugary foods, mutual adjustment for other beverages (SSB, LNCB, or FJ, except for AOC where LNCB consumption data was not available), and energy intake.