Table 1.
Diversity of phytoconstituents isolated from Asparagus racemosus with their therapeutic value and underlying mechanisms.
| Plant Part | Extract | Subjects (In-vitro and in-vivo) | Phytoconstituents | Therapeutic effect/Mode of action | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Roots | Crude extract | In-vitro | Spiorosteroids and norlignans | Anti-diabetic potential by inhibiting α-glucosidase, but norlignans showed inhibition greater than (5 × 104 fold) standard acarbose. | [54] |
| Roots | Hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts | Rats | – | Aphrodisiac activity | [58] |
| Root | Aqueous root extract | In-vitro (PC12 cell lines) | Sarsasapogenin | Attenuate the symptoms of Alzheimer's diseases by suppressing multiple enzymes such as BuChE, MAO-B, AChE, BACE-1 and Aβ42 fibrillization. | [59] |
| Root | AR root extracts | In-vitro | Saponins | Antifungal activity (against Malassezia furfur and M. globosa) and anti-inflammatory activity. | [60] |
| Root | Aqueous extract of AR | In-vitro (P388 cell line) | 2 → 1 linked fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) | Immunomodulatory activity via stimulation of natural killer cells action. | [61] |
| Root | AR extracts | In-vitro (Splenocytes) and Balb/c mice | Sarsasapogenin glycoside (immunoside) | Anti-HBsAg effect mediated via stimulating Th1/Th2 immunity in a dose dependent manner. | [62] |
| Root | Root powder (5% and 10% levels) | Male albino rats | Phytosterol, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, saponins, and polyphenols | Anti-hyperlipidemic/hypercholestermic effect exhibited by removal of excess cholesterol, boosts hepatic antioxidant profile, and increased bile acid synthesis | [63] |
| Leaves | Ethanol, hexane, and chloroform leaf extracts | In-vitro | Flavonoids | Antimicrobial property | [64] |
| Leaves | – | In-silico molecular docking and dynamic studies | Asparoside-C, D and F | Antiviral activity (against SARS-CoV-2) | [65] |
| Fruit | – | Parasite culture (promastigotes from two L. donovani strains (AG83 and GE1F8R) | Steroidal saponin (Racemoside A) | Anti-leishmanial activity via initiation of programmed cell death directed by damaged plasma membrane integrity, imbalance in mitochondrial membrane potential, and DNA nicking | [66] |
AChE: acetylcholinesterase; BuChE: butyrylcholinesterase, MAO-B: monoamineoxidase-B; HBsAg: hepatitis B surface antigen.