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. 2023 Apr 10;27:200–215. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.04.002

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

In vitro self-assembly of osteochondral organoids over 14 d. (A) Schematic of in vitro self-assembly process of osteochondral organoids. (B) Gross observation of self-assembled osteochondral organoids. (C) The self-assembled osteochondral organoid was incised in the axial position to allow separate analysis of the chondrogenic and osteogenic components. (D) SEM image of self-assembled osteochondral organoids, showing the CH-Microcryogel part on the left of the dotted line and the OS-Microcryogel part on the right. (E) Cell tracking of self-assembled osteochondral organoids after 14 d of osteochondral induction. Red indicates MSCs in the CH-Microcryogel part, and green indicates MSCs in the OS-Microcryogel part. (F) Live/dead staining of the chondrogenic and osteogenic parts of self-assembled osteochondral organoids. (G) Relative chondrogenic gene expression of CH-Microcryogels and CH-organoids (chondrogenic part of osteochondral organoid). (H) Relative osteogenic gene expression of OS-Microcryogels and OS-organoids (osteogenic part of osteochondral organoid). (I) Macroscopic observations and H&E staining of CH-Microcryogels and OS-Microcryogels 1 week after subcutaneous implantation in nude rats (yellow arrows indicate new blood vessels). (J) Stress-strain curve of osteochondral organoid together with CH-organoid and OS-organoid components. (K) Young's modulus of osteochondral organoid together with CH-organoid and OS-organoid components.