Figure 2:

Panel (a) shows an example of how two labels can be similar or different in how well-connected they are to other words in the child’s vocabulary. The mock density plot represents how many words the child knows in different parts of the valence continuum. Yellow represents negative words and green - positive ones. Red represents words that are highly positive or negative, and blue - relatively neutral words. For example, this child knows quite a few positive and neutral words, but relatively few negative labels. This means that the label “happy” is strongly connected both in terms of valence (as the child knows many other positive words) as well as emotionality (as there are many highly positive or highly negative words in the child’s vocabulary). The label “sad” is similarly strongly connected in terms of emotionality, but less so in terms of valence (as the child doesn’t know many negative words). Panel (b) shows the probability of a child producing an emotion label (y-axis) as a function of how strongly the emotion label is connected to other words the child knows (x-axis) based on the predictions of a logistic regression fitted to the data. The green-yellow gradient line represents connection strength in terms of valence, and the red-blue gradient line represents connection strength in terms of emotionality.