Figure 3:

Panel (a) shows the sentiment of the utterances preceding and following an emotion label for the preliminary analysis with 8 emotion labels (top) and the preregistered analysis with 94 mental state labels (bottom). The lines represent the average sentiment at each time point relative to the labeling utterance for positive (green) and negative (yellow) labels respectively, with the shaded area representing a 95% confidence interval. Panel (b) shows the sentiment of the sentence (excluding the emotion label) in labeled utterances for the 8-emotion-label analysis (top) and the 94-mental-state-label analysis (bottom). Panel (b) shows the average sentence valence for positive and negative labels (in green and yellow respectively), with 95% confidence interval error bars. Note that the average valence of all utterances is positive (above 0). This reflects the generally positive sentiment of child-directed speech. However, there is still an overall difference in valence such that the utterances preceding negative emotion labels become less positive.