Table 4.
Estimates of National Incidence of Lyme Borreliosis (Cases per 100,000 Population per Year) in Northern Europe (the United Kingdom and Ireland) from the Literature Published from 2005 to 2020
| Country | Data source | Study design | Study population | Case definition | Study period | No. of cases | Incidence (cases per 100,000 PPY) (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| England, Wales (Tulloch et al., 2019b) | PHE RIPL LIMS, laboratory-confirmed cases | Prospective ecological | National population | Serological diagnosis | 2013–2016 | 3986 | |
| 2013 | 1.6 | ||||||
| 2016 | 2.0 | ||||||
| England, Wales (Tulloch et al., 2019a) | Hospital episode statistics (England); patient episode database (Wales) | Retrospective cohort | Hospitalized patients with LB | ICD-10 codes | 1998–2005 | 2361 | |
| 1998 | 0.08 | ||||||
| 2005 | 0.53 | ||||||
| Ireland (Forde et al., 2021) | Laboratory records | Retrospective cohort | National population 2 − 18 years of age | LB NICE guidelinesa | 2012 − 2016 | 63 (LB), 27 (EM and/or influenza-like symptoms), 1 (LA) | 1.15 |
| Scotland (Mavin et al., 2015) | National Lyme Borreliosis Testing Laboratory and questionnaires from all laboratory-confirmed cases within NHS Highland | Retrospective cohort, seroepidemiological | National population | ELISA (IgM/IgG), then immunoblot | 2008 − 2013 | 1865 | 6.8 |
| 2008 | 339 | 7.8 | |||||
| 2009 | 393 | 9 | |||||
| 2010 | 440 | 9.8 | |||||
| 2011 | 308 | 6.7 | |||||
| 2012 | 210 | 4.1 | |||||
| 2013 | 175 | 3.1 | |||||
| United Kingdom (Cairns et al., 2019) | CPRD | Retrospective cohort | Eight percent of national population | Read codes for LB, suspected and possible LB | 2001–2012 | 4083 | |
| 2001 | 60 | 1.6 (1.2 − 2)b | |||||
| 2002 | 115 | 2.9 (2.3 − 3.4) | |||||
| 2003 | 90 | 2.1 (1.6 − 2.5) | |||||
| 2004 | 161 | 3.6 (3 − 4.1) | |||||
| 2005 | 211 | 4.5 (3.9 − 5.1) | |||||
| 2006 | 314 | 6.3 (5.6 − 7.1) | |||||
| 2007 | 422 | 8.6 (7.7 − 9.4) | |||||
| 2008 | 445 | 9.0 (8.1 − 9.8) | |||||
| 2009 | 538 | 10.9 (9.9 − 11.9) | |||||
| 2010 | 564 | 11.5 (10.5 − 12.5) | |||||
| 2011 | 568 | 11.9 (10.9 − 12.9) | |||||
| 2012 | 595 | 12.1 (11.1 − 13.2) | |||||
| Scotland | 2010 − 2012 | 526 | 37.3 (34.2 − 40.7) | ||||
| Wales | 2010 − 2012 | 71 | 6.0 (4.6 − 7.6) | ||||
| United Kingdom (Tulloch et al., 2020) | THIN | Retrospective cohort | Six percent of national population | Read codes specific to LB, suspected LB, or related conditions | 3725 | ||
| 1998 | 1035 | 1.8 (1.4 − 2.3) | |||||
| 1999 | 1015 | 1.7 (1.4 − 2.2) | |||||
| 2000 | 1195 | 2.0 (1.7 − 2.5) | |||||
| 2001 | 1141 | 1.9 (1.6 − 2.4) | |||||
| 2002 | 1698 | 2.9 (2.4 − 3.4) | |||||
| 2003 | 1300 | 2.2 (1.8 − 2.6) | |||||
| 2004 | 1733 | 2.9 (2.5 − 3.4) | |||||
| 2005 | 1951 | 3.2 (2.8 − 3.7) | |||||
| 2006 | 2147 | 3.5 (3.1 − 4.0) | |||||
| 2007 | 2404 | 3.9 (3.5 − 4.4) | |||||
| 2008 | 2634 | 4.3 (3.8 − 4.8) | |||||
| 2009 | 2802 | 4.5 (4.0 − 5.0) | |||||
| 2010 | 2655 | 4.2 (3.8 − 4.8) | |||||
| 2011 | 2639 | 4.2 (3.7 − 4.7) | |||||
| 2012 | 2389 | 3.8 (3.3 − 4.2) | |||||
| 2013 | 2859 | 4.5 (4.0 − 5.0) | |||||
| 2014 | 2170 | 3.4 (2.9 − 3.9) | |||||
| 2015 | 3562 | 5.5 (4.9 − 6.1) | |||||
| 2016 | 3210 | 4.9 (4.3 − 5.6) | |||||
| England | 1998 | 1.6 (1.1 − 2.1) | |||||
| 1999 | 1.5 (1.13 − 2.0) | ||||||
| 2000 | 1.9 (1.4 − 2.4) | ||||||
| 2001 | 1.8 (1.4 − 2.3) | ||||||
| 2002 | 2.3 (1.9 − 2.9) | ||||||
| 2003 | 2.1 (1.7 − 2.6) | ||||||
| 2004 | 2.7 (2.3 − 3.3) | ||||||
| 2005 | 2.5 (2.0 − 3.0) | ||||||
| 2006 | 3.0 (2.5 − 3.5) | ||||||
| 2007 | 3.3 (2.8 − 3.9) | ||||||
| 2008 | 3.6 (3.1 − 4.2) | ||||||
| 2009 | 3.7 (3.2 − 4.3) | ||||||
| 2010 | 3.4 (2.8 − 4.0) | ||||||
| 2011 | 3.2 (2.7 − 3.7) | ||||||
| 2012 | 3.2 (2.7 − 3.7) | ||||||
| 2013 | 3.4 (2.9 − 4.0) | ||||||
| 2014 | 2.7 (2.2 − 3.2) | ||||||
| 2015 | 4.1 (3.4 − 4.8) | ||||||
| 2016 | 3.3 (2.6 − 4.1) | ||||||
| Northern Ireland | 1998 | 0 (0 − 1.6) | |||||
| 1999 | 0 (0 − 2.7) | ||||||
| 2000 | 0 (0 − 1.2) | ||||||
| 2001 | 0.5 (0 − 2.2) | ||||||
| 2002 | 0.9 (0.2 − 2.9) | ||||||
| 2003 | 0 (0 − 1.1) | ||||||
| 2004 | 0.4 (0 − 1.9) | ||||||
| 2005 | 0.8 (0.2 − 2.5) | ||||||
| 2006 | 1.1 (0.3 − 3.0) | ||||||
| 2007 | 1.7 (0.7 − 3.8) | ||||||
| 2008 | 1.4 (0.5 − 3.4) | ||||||
| 2009 | 1.1 (0.3 − 2.8) | ||||||
| 2010 | 0.7 (0.1 − 2.2) | ||||||
| 2011 | 1.0 (0.3 − 2.7) | ||||||
| 2012 | 2.0 (0.8 − 4.2) | ||||||
| 2013 | 1.3 (0.4 − 3.2) | ||||||
| 2014 | 1.0 (0.3 − 2.6) | ||||||
| 2015 | 2.3 (1.0 − 4.5) | ||||||
| 2016 | 1.0 (0.3 − 2.6) | ||||||
| Scotland | 1998 | 5.2 (2.9 − 8.7) | |||||
| 1999 | 4.7 (2.8 − 7.4) | ||||||
| 2000 | 4.2 (2.8 − 5.9) | ||||||
| 2001 | 3.1 (2.2 − 4.5) | ||||||
| 2002 | 5.7 (4.2 − 7.5) | ||||||
| 2003 | 4.2 (3.0 − 5.7) | ||||||
| 2004 | 5.6 (4.2 − 7.3) | ||||||
| 2005 | 8.6 (6.9 − 10.7) | ||||||
| 2006 | 8.2 (6.5 − 10.2) | ||||||
| 2007 | 9.0 (7.3 − 11.1) | ||||||
| 2008 | 10.1 (8.3 − 12.2) | ||||||
| 2009 | 11.0 (9.1 − 13.2) | ||||||
| 2010 | 10.1 (8.3 − 12.1) | ||||||
| 2011 | 11.4 (9.5 − 13.6) | ||||||
| 2012 | 8.2 (6.6 − 10.0) | ||||||
| 2013 | 11.0 (9.2 − 13.1) | ||||||
| 2014 | 8.3 (6.7 − 10.1) | ||||||
| 2015 | 12.7 (10.7 − 14.9) | ||||||
| 2016 | 10.7 (8.9 − 12.8) | ||||||
| Wales | 1998 | 1.6 (0.5 − 3.8) | |||||
| 1999 | 1.1 (0.3 − 2.9) | ||||||
| 2000 | 0.9 (0.2 − 2.3) | ||||||
| 2001 | 1.3 (0.5 − 2.9) | ||||||
| 2002 | 3.0 (1.7 − 5.1) | ||||||
| 2003 | 0.6 (0.2 − 1.6) | ||||||
| 2004 | 0.9 (0.3 − 2.0) | ||||||
| 2005 | 1.4 (0.7 − 2.6) | ||||||
| 2006 | 1.3 (0.6 − 2.5) | ||||||
| 2007 | 1.4 (0.7 − 2.6) | ||||||
| 2008 | 0.9 (0.4 − 1.9) | ||||||
| 2009 | 1.5 (0.8 − 2.6) | ||||||
| 2010 | 2.4 (1.5 − 3.8) | ||||||
| 2011 | 1.1 (0.5 − 2.1) | ||||||
| 2012 | 1.4 (0.7 − 2.4) | ||||||
| 2013 | 2.0 (1.2 − 3.2) | ||||||
| 2014 | 0.7 (0.2 − 1.4) | ||||||
| 2015 | 1.8 (1.0 − 2.9) | ||||||
| 2016 | 2.5 (1.6 − 3.9) |
Incidence estimates and 95% CIs have been rounded to the first decimal to the right for consistent level of precision.
a
Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng95
b
Incidence (person-time) reported, rather than incidence proportion.
CI, confidence interval; CPRD, Clinical Practice Research Datalink; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases version 10; IgM/IgG, immunoglobulin M/immunoglobulin G; LA, Lyme arthritis; LIMS, laboratory information management system; NHS, National Health Service; NICE, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; PHE RIPL, Public Health England Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory; PPY, population per year; THIN, The Health Improvement Network.