Table 1.
Adjusted direct annual costs ratios and mean incremental annual cost in function of musculoskeletal disorders (multivariable regression, Belgian adult population, from 2013 to 2017; N = 4591)
| Cost ratio (95% CI) | Mean attributable cost (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| MSK disorder (Ref: No) | ||
| Low back pain | 1.43** (1.15; 1.79) |
2405€ (817€; 4069€) |
| Neck pain | 1.36* (1.03; 1.8) |
2212€ (275€; 4419€) |
| Osteoarthritis | 1.05 (0.87; 1.27) |
299€ (23€; 733€) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1.07 (0.86; 1.32) |
298€ (− 31€; 789€) |
| Sex | ||
| Male | Ref | |
| Female | 0.83* (0.7; 0.97) | |
| Age | 1.03*** (1.02; 1.03) | |
| Education | ||
| Higher education | Ref | |
| Higher secondary | 0.97 (0.81; 1.15) | |
| Lower secondary | 1.15 (0.92; 1.43) | |
| No diploma or primary education | 1.49* (1.1; 2.02) | |
| At risk due to a lack of leisure time physical activity | ||
| No | Ref | |
| Yes | 1.44*** (1.23; 1.7) | |
| Heavy daily smokers | ||
| No | Ref | |
| Yes | 1.22 (0.92; 1.63) | |
| BMI status | ||
| Underweight | 1.20 (0.91; 1.57) | |
| Normal weight | Ref | |
| Overweight | 1.03 (0.87; 1.23) | |
| Obese | 1.00 (0.81; 1.25) | |
***p < 0.0001, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.10, ‘ ’ p > 0.10; included covariates were significant in the two models of the double selection process as presented in the methods section. Intercept: 975.33€ ***(95% CI 547.93€; 1736.14€). Cost ratios are the exponential of the coefficients resulting from the univariate analysis. They should be interpreted as: increasing by one level the independent covariates multiplies the mean attributable costs by the cost ratio