Table 2.
Association between autism/ADHD and physical health conditions in our sample (N = 20,964)
| Co-occurring physical health conditions | Autism | ADHD | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical diagnosis | Subclinical phenotype | Clinical diagnosis | Subclinical phenotype | |||||||||
| Odds ratioa | 95% CI | p | Odds ratioa | 95% CI | p | Odds ratioa | 95% CI | p | Odds ratioa | 95% CI | p | |
| Neurological disorders | ||||||||||||
| Epilepsy | 8.03 | 5.32, 12.11 | < 0.001 | 6.75 | 4.82, 9.45 | < 0.001 | 3.52 | 2.46, 5.04 | < 0.001 | 3.83 | 2.91, 5.06 | < 0.001 |
| Migraine | 0.75 | 0.28, 2.03 | 0.513 | 1.00 | 0.57, 1.74 | 0.985 | 2.22 | 1.52, 3.25 | < 0.001 | 1.28 | 0.93, 1.76 | 0.126 |
| Other headache | 1.79 | 0.66, 4.87 | 0.258 | 1.06 | 0.46, 2.43 | 0.885 | 1.80 | 0.96, 3.35 | 0.066 | 1.21 | 0.73, 1.99 | 0.456 |
| Mixed headache | 1.13 | 0.56, 2.30 | 0.733 | 1.03 | 0.64, 1.65 | 0.911 | 2.08 | 1.46, 2.97 | < 0.001 | 1.22 | 0.92, 1.62 | 0.166 |
| Immunological disorders | ||||||||||||
| Allergic rhinitis | 1.10 | 0.71, 1.72 | 0.665 | 1.01 | 0.74, 1.37 | 0.959 | 1.32 | 1.02, 1.71 | 0.037 | 1.05 | 0.87, 1.27 | 0.597 |
| Asthma | 1.55 | 1.16, 2.08 | 0.003 | 1.45 | 1.23, 1.82 | < 0.001 | 1.63 | 1.36, 1.96 | < 0.001 | 1.31 | 1.16, 1.49 | < 0.001 |
| Atopic dermatitis | 1.28 | 0.78, 2.08 | 0.329 | 1.20 | 0.87, 1.65 | 0.264 | 1.52 | 1.15, 2.12 | 0.004 | 1.11 | 0.91, 1.36 | 0.303 |
| Specific allergy | 1.21 | 0.55, 2.65 | 0.644 | 0.93 | 0.54, 1.63 | 0.808 | 1.30 | 0.80, 2.12 | 0.294 | 0.87 | 0.62, 1.24 | 0.451 |
| Coeliac disease | 2.67 | 1.21, 5.85 | 0.015 | 1.45 | 0.75, 2.80 | 0.267 | 0.91 | 0.45, 1.83 | 0.784 | 1.24 | 0.81, 1.91 | 0.328 |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | ||||||||||||
| Constipation | 2.03 | 1.43, 2.88 | < 0.001 | 2.17 | 1.73, 2.72 | < 0.001 | 1.91 | 1.53, 2.39 | < 0.001 | 1.65 | 1.41, 1.93 | < 0.001 |
| Functional diarrhea | 5.51 | 2.89, 10.52 | < 0.001 | 2.67 | 1.48, 4.83 | 0.001 | 2.13 | 1.15, 3.94 | 0.017 | 1.36 | 0.83, 2.25 | 0.226 |
| Irritable bowel syndrome | 2.25 | 0.55, 9.18 | 0.257 | 1.29 | 0.41, 4.11 | 0.667 | 1.58 | 0.57, 4.38 | 0.379 | 1.86 | 1.01, 3.42 | 0.047 |
| Mixed FGIDs | 2.34 | 1.69, 3.24 | < 0.001 | 2.08 | 1.67, 2.59 | < 0.001 | 1.92 | 1.55, 2.38 | < 0.001 | 1.59 | 1.37, 1.84 | < 0.001 |
The physical health conditions in this study did not include the data from primary care health services
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; FGIDs, functional gastrointestinal disorders
Statistical significance for this table was set at p < 0.0038 (Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons)
Bold value: statistically significant and being included in bivariate twin model analysis
aAdjusted for age and sex