Table 4.

The co-occurrence rates and proband-wise cross-concordances for physical health conditions in autism and ADHD

Physical health conditions	Affected probands who also have physical health conditions				Proportion of co-twins with physical health conditions
	Clinical diagnosis		Subclinical phenotype		Clinical diagnosis				Subclinical phenotype
					MZ		DZ		MZ		DZ
	%	95% CI	%	95% CI	%	95% CI	%	95% CI	%	95% CI	%	95% CI
Autism
Neurological disorders
Epilepsy	8.5	5.5, 11.5	4.8	3.1, 7.3	4.2	0.6, 7.9	4.3	1.5, 7.0	1.6	0.2, 3.0	2.3	1.0, 3.6
Immunological disorders
Asthma	20.4	15.6, 25.1	21.6	17.8, 25.6	19.5	11.1, 27.8	22.3	16.4, 28.1	16.6	11.7, 21.5	16.5	13.0, 20.0
Coeliac disease	2.4	0.6, 4.3	1.5	0.7, 3.2	0.8	0, 2.5	2.4	0, 4.8	0.7	0, 1.6	1.2	0.1, 2.4
Gastrointestinal disorders
Constipation	11.6	8.0, 15.1	13.8	10.8, 17.5	11.0	4.8, 17.2	8.1	4.4, 11.7	10.1	6.5, 13.7	10.9	8.2, 13.7
Functional diarrhea	3.0	1.2, 4.9	1.3	0.5, 2.9	2.5	0, 5.4	1.9	0.1, 3.7	2.0	0.4, 3.5	1.0	0.1, 1.9
Mixed FGIDs	14.3	10.4, 18.2	14.3	11.2, 18.1	13.6	7.0, 21.2	9.5	5.4, 13.5	11.1	7.3, 14.8	11.5	8.7, 14.3
ADHD
Neurological disorders
Epilepsy	3.9	2.6, 5.2	3.1	2.3, 4.3	3.1	1.3, 4.9	2.8	1.4, 4.2	2.2	1.2, 3.2	1.9	1.1, 2.6
Migraine	3.4	2.2, 4.5	1.9	1.3, 2.9	2.0	0.5, 3.4	3.7	2.1, 5.3	1.6	0.7, 2.4	2.0	1.2, 2.7
Mixed headache	4.2	2.9, 5.6	2.5	1.8, 3.6	3.4	1.2, 5.5	4.1	2.4, 5.7	2.1	1.1, 3.1	2.7	1.8, 3.5
Immunological disorders
Asthma	20.7	17.8, 23.6	19.1	17.0, 21.5	20.7	15.9, 25.6	20.6	17.4, 24.2	16.7	13.8, 19.5	16.9	14.9, 19.0
Gastrointestinal disorders
Constipation	10.7	8.7, 12.8	10.2	8.6, 12.1	8.7	5.5, 11.9	10.2	7.7, 12.7	7.1	5.3, 8.9	8.7	7.3, 10.2
Mixed FGIDs	11.8	9.7, 14.0	10.9	9.2, 12.8	10.6	7.2, 14.1	11.2	8.5, 13.8	8.3	6.4, 10.2	9.5	8.0, 11.0

The physical health conditions in this study did not include the data from primary care health services

ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; DZ, dizygotic twins; FGIDs, functional gastrointestinal disorders; MZ, monozygotic twins

Bold values: Higher MZ than DZ estimates