Table 2.
Associations between maternal anaemia at enrolment and pregnancy and infant outcomes
| Model 1b | Model 2c | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Variablesa | n | β (SE) or RR (95%CI) | P-value | n | β (SE) or RR (95%CI) | P-value |
| Pregnancy outcomes | ||||||
| Birth weight, g | 252 | −174.7 (61.2) | 0.004 | 243 | −166.8 (61.1) | 0.006 |
| Low birth weight (<2500 g), n (%) | 252 | 1.84 (1.03, 3.29) | 0.04 | 243 | 2.15 (1.20, 3.84) | 0.01 |
| Gestational age at birth, weeks | 258 | −0.91 (0.28) | 0.001 | 249 | −0.95 (0.28) | 0.0007 |
| Preterm (<37 weeks), n (%) | 258 | 2.53 (1.35, 4.74) | 0.004 | 249 | 2.67 (1.43, 5.00) | 0.002 |
| Preterm and low birth weight, n (%) | 252 | 2.01 (0.75, 5.39) | 0.17 | 243 | 2.15 (0.80, 5.78) | 0.13 |
| Small for gestational aged, n (%) | 251 | 1.24 (0.87, 1.76) | 0.23 | 242 | 1.25 (0.87, 1.81) | 0.23 |
| Infant outcomes | ||||||
| Haemoglobin, g/dl | 73 | 0.14 (0.44) | 0.76 | 69 | −0.11 (0.44) | 0.80 |
| Anaemia (<11.0 g/dl), n (%) | 73 | 0.83 (0.49, 1.40) | 0.49 | 69 | 1.02 (0.57, 1.83) | 0.95 |
| Length, cm | 227 | −0.41 (0.41) | 0.31 | 218 | −0.35 (0.41) | 0.39 |
| Length-for-age z-score (LAZ) | 225 | −0.08 (0.20) | 0.67 | 216 | −0.03 (0.20) | 0.89 |
| LAZ < −2 | 225 | 0.96 (0.62, 1.50) | 0.87 | 216 | 0.85 (0.54, 1.33) | 0.47 |
| Weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) | 251 | −0.41 (0.14) | 0.004 | 242 | −0.41 (0.14) | 0.004 |
| WAZ < −2 | 251 | 1.99 (1.03, 3.87) | 0.04 | 242 | 2.20 (1.16, 4.15) | 0.02 |
| Weight-for-length z-score (WLZ) | 185 | −0.45 (0.27) | 0.09 | 178 | −0.40 (0.27) | 0.15 |
| WLZ < −2 | 185 | 1.52 (0.78, 2.97) | 0.22 | 178 | 1.50 (0.76, 2.95) | 0.25 |
| BMI z-score (BMIZ) | 224 | −0.48 (0.22) | 0.03 | 215 | −0.45 (0.22) | 0.04 |
| BMIZ < −2 | 224 | 2.42 (1.34, 4.39) | 0.004 | 215 | 2.49 (1.37, 4.56) | 0.003 |
| Ponderal index, g/cm3 | 226 | −0.001 (0.0007) | 0.17 | 217 | −0.001 (0.0007) | 0.18 |
| Head circumference, cm | 227 | −0.27 (0.24) | 0.24 | 218 | −0.021 (0.24) | 0.38 |
| Chest circumference, cm | 227 | −0.56 (0.29) | 0.05 | 218 | −0.61 (0.30) | 0.04 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 227 | −0.61 (0.40) | 0.13 | 218 | −0.61 (0.41) | 0.13 |
| Hip circumference, cm | 227 | 0.03 (0.58) | 0.96 | 218 | −0.06 (0.57) | 0.91 |
| Mid-upper arm circumference, cm | 225 | −0.94 (0.46) | 0.04 | 216 | −0.94 (0.45) | 0.03 |
| Biceps skinfold, mm | 226 | −0.07 (0.14) | 0.65 | 217 | −0.09 (0.15) | 0.54 |
| Triceps skinfold, mm | 226 | 0.06 (0.22) | 0.80 | 217 | 0.03 (0.22) | 0.90 |
a
Hb < 11.0 g/dl at enrolment (≤14 weeks gestation); beta (SE) is reported for continuous pregnancy outcomes; RR (95%CI) is reported for binary pregnancy outcomes
b
Models adjusted for gestational age of sample and vitamin B12 intervention
c
Models adjusted for gestational age of sample, vitamin B12 intervention, maternal BMI, standard of living index (SLI) >28, educational level, and ln(CRP)
d
Small for gestational age (SGA) was defined as birth weight <10th percentile of the gestational age, using INTERGROWTH reference [17]