Table 4B.
Associations between maternal serum ferritin concentrations at enrolment (BRINDA adjusted)a and pregnancy and infant outcomes
| Model 1b | Model 2c | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Variablesa | n | β (SE) or RR (95%CI) | P-value | n | β (SE) or RR (95%CI) | P-value |
| Pregnancy outcomes | ||||||
| Birth weight, g | 244 | 35.0 (30.9) | 0.26 | 242 | 35.0 (30.4) | 0.25 |
| Low birth weight (<2500 g), n (%) | 244 | 0.96 (0.69, 1.33) | 0.80 | 242 | 0.96 (0.69, 1.33) | 0.81 |
| Gestational age at birth, weeks | 250 | 0.11 (0.14) | 0.44 | 248 | 0.12 (0.14) | 0.38 |
| Preterm (<37 weeks), n (%) | 250 | 0.84 (0.60, 1.18) | 0.32 | 248 | 0.82 (0.58, 1.15) | 0.25 |
| Preterm and low birth weight, n (%) | 244 | 1.06 (0.63, 1.78) | 0.84 | 242 | 1.03 (0.61, 1.74) | 0.92 |
| Small for gestational aged, n (%) | 243 | 0.92 (0.76, 1.12) | 0.42 | 241 | 0.90 (0.74, 1.10) | 0.32 |
| Infant outcomes | ||||||
| Haemoglobin, g/dl | 68 | 0.29 (0.23) | 0.22 | 68 | 0.35 (0.23) | 0.13 |
| Anaemia (<11.0 g/dl), n (%) | 68 | 0.78 (0.59, 1.04) | 0.10 | 68 | 0.78 (0.59, 1.03) | 0.08 |
| Length, cm | 219 | 0.49 (0.20) | 0.01 | 217 | 0.47 (0.20) | 0.02 |
| Length-for-age z-score (LAZ) | 217 | 0.19 (0.10) | 0.05 | 215 | 0.17 (0.10) | 0.08 |
| LAZ < −2 | 217 | 0.84 (0.68, 1.05) | 0.12 | 215 | 0.86 (0.69, 1.08) | 0.20 |
| Weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) | 243 | 0.07 (0.07) | 0.31 | 241 | 0.07 (0.07) | 0.30 |
| WAZ < −2 | 243 | 0.89 (0.61, 1.29) | 0.54 | 241 | 0.89 (0.61, 1.29) | 0.55 |
| Weight-for-length z-score (WLZ) | 179 | −0.12 (0.14) | 0.40 | 177 | −0.11 (0.14) | 0.44 |
| WLZ < −2 | 179 | 1.00 (0.69, 1.45) | 1.00 | 177 | 1.04 (0.71, 1.52) | 0.84 |
| BMI z-score (BMIZ) | 216 | −0.15 (0.11) | 0.19 | 214 | −0.14 (0.11) | 0.20 |
| BMIZ < −2 | 216 | 1.04 (0.75, 1.44) | 0.81 | 214 | 1.05 (0.76, 1.45) | 0.76 |
| Ponderal Index, g/cm3 | 218 | −0.0007 (0.0004) | 0.07 | 216 | −0.0006 (0.0004) | 0.07 |
| Head circumference, cm | 219 | −0.04 (0.12) | 0.71 | 217 | −0.05 (0.12) | 0.66 |
| Chest circumference, cm | 219 | −0.06 (0.15) | 0.69 | 217 | −0.07 (0.15) | 0.63 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 219 | −0.10 (0.20) | 0.62 | 217 | −0.08 (0.20) | 0.67 |
| Hip circumference, cm | 219 | −0.22 (0.28) | 0.42 | 217 | −0.26 (0.28) | 0.36 |
| Mid-upper arm circumference, cm | 217 | 0.38 (0.22) | 0.08 | 215 | 0.42 (0.22) | 0.05 |
| Biceps skinfold, mm | 218 | 0.06 (0.07) | 0.38 | 216 | 0.06 (0.07) | 0.40 |
| Triceps skinfold, mm | 218 | −0.14 (0.11) | 0.20 | 216 | −0.14 (0.11) | 0.18 |
a
Baseline serum ferritin concentrations were adjusted for inflammation using BRINDA [23, 24] methods; natural log-transformed; beta (SE) is reported for continuous pregnancy outcomes; RR (95%CI) is reported for binary pregnancy outcomes
b
Models adjusted for gestational age of sample and vitamin B12 intervention
c
Models adjusted for gestational age of sample, vitamin B12 intervention, maternal BMI, standard of living index (SLI) >28, educational level, and ln(CRP)
d
Small for gestational age (SGA) was defined by sex and gestational age < 10th percentile using INTERGROWTH methods [17]