Table 5.
Associations between maternal iron deficiency at enrolment and pregnancy and infant outcomes
| Model 1b | Model 2c | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Variablesa | n | β (SE) or RR (95%CI) | P-value | n | β (SE) or RR (95%CI) | P-value |
| Pregnancy outcomes | ||||||
| Birth weight, g | 244 | −54.3 (58.6) | 0.35 | 242 | −45.4 (57.9) | 0.43 |
| Low birth weight (<2500 g), n (%) | 244 | 1.38 (0.76, 2.51) | 0.30 | 242 | 1.36 (0.75, 2.46) | 0.31 |
| Gestational age at birth, weeks | 250 | −0.29 (0.26) | 0.28 | 248 | −0.35 (0.26) | 0.18 |
| Preterm (<37 weeks), n (%) | 250 | 1.61 (0.84, 3.09) | 0.15 | 248 | 1.75 (0.91, 3.37) | 0.09 |
| Preterm and low birth weight, n (%) | 244 | 1.19 (0.44, 3.16) | 0.73 | 242 | 1.26 (0.47, 3.35) | 0.64 |
| Small for gestational aged, n (%) | 243 | 0.96 (0.67, 1.38) | 0.84 | 241 | 0.97 (0.68, 1.38) | 0.85 |
| Infant outcomes | ||||||
| Haemoglobin, g/dl | 68 | −0.41 (0.44) | 0.36 | 68 | −0.64 (0.44) | 0.15 |
| Anaemia (<11.0 g/dl), n (%) | 68 | 1.17 (0.70, 1.95) | 0.54 | 68 | 1.20 (0.72, 1.98) | 0.48 |
| Length, cm | 219 | −0.77 (0.39) | 0.048 | 217 | −0.71 (0.39) | 0.07 |
| Length-for-age z-score (LAZ) | 217 | −0.29 (0.19) | 0.12 | 215 | −0.25 (0.19) | 0.18 |
| LAZ < −2 | 217 | 1.45 (0.94, 2.23) | 0.09 | 215 | 1.41 (0.92, 2.18) | 0.11 |
| Weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) | 243 | −0.12 (0.14) | 0.38 | 241 | −0.10 (0.13) | 0.46 |
| WAZ < −2 | 243 | 1.49 (0.74, 2.98) | 0.26 | 241 | 1.46 (0.74, 2.88) | 0.27 |
| Weight-for-length z-score (WLZ) | 179 | 0.07 (0.26) | 0.79 | 177 | 0.10 (0.26) | 0.69 |
| WLZ < −2 | 179 | 1.30 (0.66, 2.53) | 0.45 | 177 | 1.19 (0.62, 2.31) | 0.60 |
| BMI z-score (BMIZ) | 216 | 0.21 (0.21) | 0.33 | 214 | 0.25 (0.21) | 0.24 |
| BMIZ < −2 | 216 | 0.99 (0.54, 1.83) | 0.98 | 214 | 0.90 (0.50, 1.65) | 0.74 |
| Ponderal Index, g/cm3 | 218 | 0.001 (0.0007) | 0.11 | 216 | 0.001 (0.0007) | 0.09 |
| Head circumference, cm | 219 | −0.03 (0.23) | 0.89 | 217 | 0.01 (0.23) | 0.97 |
| Chest circumference, cm | 219 | 0.18 (0.28) | 0.52 | 217 | 0.23 (0.28) | 0.41 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 219 | 0.13 (0.39) | 0.73 | 217 | 0.10 (0.39) | 0.79 |
| Hip circumference, cm | 219 | 0.33 (0.53) | 0.54 | 217 | 0.41 (0.54) | 0.45 |
| Mid-upper arm circumference, cm | 217 | −0.29 (0.42) | 0.50 | 215 | −0.32 (0.42) | 0.45 |
| Biceps skinfold, mm | 218 | 0.12 (0.14) | 0.39 | 216 | 0.13 (0.14) | 0.34 |
| Triceps skinfold, mm | 218 | 0.56 (0.20) | 0.01 | 216 | 0.59 (0.20) | 0.004 |
a
Serum ferritin < 15.0 μg/l at enrolment (≤14 weeks gestation); beta (SE) is reported for continuous pregnancy outcomes; RR (95%CI) is reported for binary pregnancy outcomes
b
Models adjusted for gestational age of sample and vitamin B12 intervention
c
Models adjusted for gestational age of sample, vitamin B12 intervention, maternal BMI, standard of living index (SLI) >28, educational level, and ln(CRP)
d
Small for gestational age (SGA) was defined as birth weight <10th percentile of the gestational age, using INTERGROWTH reference [17]