Table 6.

Associations between maternal iron deficiency anaemia at enrolment and pregnancy and infant outcomes

	Model 1b			Model 2c
Variablesa	n	β (SE) or RR (95%CI)	P-value	n	β (SE) or RR (95%CI)	P-value
Pregnancy outcoems
Birth weight, g	244	−169.7 (67.9)	0.01	243	−159.7 (67.7)	0.02
Low birth weight (<2500 g), n (%)	244	1.77 (0.96, 3.27)	0.07	243	1.99 (1.08, 3.68)	0.03
Gestational age at birth, weeks	250	−1.02 (0.31)	0.001	249	−1.16 (0.31)	0.0002
Preterm (<37 weeks), n (%)	250	2.90 (1.56, 5.39)	0.001	249	3.46 (1.81, 6.61)	0.0002
Preterm and low birth weight, n (%)	244	2.20 (0.79, 6.10)	0.13	243	2.43 (0.88, 6.71)	0.09
Small for gestational aged, n (%)	243	1.16 (0.79, 1.73)	0.45	242	1.18 (0.80, 1.76)	0.40
Infant outcomes
Haemoglobin, g/dl	68	−0.35 (0.48)	0.47	69	−0.49 (0.47)	0.30
Anaemia (<11.0 g/dl), n (%)	68	1.05 (0.61, 1.81)	0.87	69	1.25 (0.79, 2.00)	0.34
Length, cm	219	−0.87 (0.44)	0.05	218	−0.86 (0.45)	0.06
Length-for-age z-score (LAZ)	217	−0.29 (0.22)	0.18	216	−0.25 (0.22)	0.25
LAZ < −2	217	1.28 (0.82, 2.00)	0.28	216	1.17 (0.74, 1.83)	0.51
Weight-for-age z-score (WAZ)	243	−0.40 (0.16)	0.01	242	−0.39 (0.16)	0.01
WAZ < −2	243	1.73 (0.85, 3.53)	0.13	242	1.88 (0.95, 3.70)	0.07
Weight-for-length z-score (WLZ)	179	−0.16 (0.31)	0.61	178	−0.08 (0.31)	0.80
WLZ < −2	179	1.15 (0.53, 2.49)	0.72	178	1.10 (0.50, 2.44)	0.81
BMI z-score (BMIZ)	216	−0.27 (0.25)	0.27	215	−0.21 (0.25)	0.40
BMIZ < −2	216	1.23 (0.63, 2.39)	0.54	215	1.18 (0.61, 2.30)	0.62
Ponderal Index, g/cm3	218	−0.0002 (0.0008)	0.78	217	−0.0001 (0.0008)	0.93
Head circumference, cm	219	−0.31 (0.26)	0.24	218	−0.26 (0.27)	0.33
Chest circumference, cm	219	−0.39 (0.32)	0.23	218	−0.32 (0.33)	0.33
Waist circumference, cm	219	−0.16 (0.44)	0.73	218	−0.11 (0.45)	0.80
Hip circumference, cm	219	0.02 (0.61)	0.97	218	0.12 (0.62)	0.84
Mid-upper arm circumference, cm	217	−0.82 (0.48)	0.09	216	−0.88 (0.49)	0.07
Biceps skinfold, mm	218	0.01 (0.16)	0.94	217	0.01 (0.16)	0.97
Triceps skinfold, mm	218	0.32 (0.23)	0.17	217	0.34 (0.24)	0.15

^aHb < 11.0 g/dl and serum ferritin < 15.0 μg/l at enrolment (≤14 weeks gestation); beta (SE) is reported for continuous pregnancy outcomes; RR (95%CI) is reported for binary pregnancy outcomes

^bModels adjusted for gestational age of sample and vitamin B₁₂ intervention

^cModels adjusted for gestational age of sample, vitamin B₁₂ intervention, maternal BMI, standard of living index (SLI) >28, educational level, and ln(CRP)

^dSmall for gestational age (SGA) was defined as birth weight <10th percentile of the gestational age, using INTERGROWTH reference [17]