Fig. 4.

Effect of ASD core symptom impact, ASD-related major adversities, and caregiver-reported ASD severity, on child sleep quality, caregiver strain, and caregiver sleep quality. a Effects on child sleep quality; b effects on caregiver strain; c effects on caregiver sleep quality adjusted for caregiver strain and child sleep quality; d effects on caregiver sleep quality (not adjusted for caregiver strain and child sleep quality) from a multivariable linear model. Note effect estimates are standardized regression weights adjusted for child, caregiver, and household characteristics (as in Table 1); values over 0 correspond to a worsening of outcomes (e.g., worse sleep quality or greater caregiver strain). AIM Autism Impact Measure, ASD autism spectrum disorder, CaGI-S Caregiver-reported Global Impression of Severity Autism survey, CGSQ-SF7 Caregiver Strain Questionnaire-Short form 7, CI confidence interval, ER emergency room