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. 2023 Apr;193(4):474–492. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.12.009

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Syndecan-1 (Syn-1) treatment improves nanomechanics of endothelial cells after endothelial glycocalyx (eGC) shedding and cortex (CTX) stiffening in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). A–C: Histograms showing eGC height (A), eGC stiffness (B), and CTX stiffness (C) of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers measured via atomic force microscopy nanoindentation technique. Each dot represents the number of repetitions (each showing a mean of 25 to 30 cells). D–F: Statistical analysis of fluorescence intensity differences after stimulation: wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)–stained (D), CD138 antibody (AB)–stained (E), and phalloidin–tetramethylrhodamine (TRITC)–stained (F) HUVEC monolayers. G–I: Representative fluorescence images and fluorescence intensity analyses of WGA-stained (G), CD138 antibody–stained (H), and phalloidin-TRITC–stained (I) HUVECs. J–L: Pearson correlation of eGC height versus eGC stiffness versus CTX stiffness after stimulation. M: Quantification of soluble syndecan-1 in culture medium after serum stimulation, measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Groups: control (CTR), stimulation with cell culture media + 10% serum of healthy controls; AMI, stimulation with media + 10% serum of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI); control 3 days after STEMI (AMI-d3), stimulation with media + 10% serum of patients with STEMI 3 days after myocardial infarction; AMI + Syn-1, stimulation with media + 10% serum of patients with STEMI + syndecan-1 (8 pmol/L). Data are given as means ± SD (A–F and M). N = 6 (A–F and M). ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001 (one-way analysis of variance). Scale bars = 50 μm (G–I). sCD138, soluble CD138.