Table 4.

Longitudinal association between ES-SCZ and functioning as well as clinical features

	ES-SCZ			Time			Interaction between ES-SCZ and time
	Coefficient	95% CI	p	Coefficient	95% CI	p	Coefficient	95% CI	p
Model 1
GAF total	−2.36	−4.05 to −0.67	0.006	18.55	12.80–24.30	<0.001	0.04	−1.39 to 1.47	0.957
PSP total	−2.69	−4.61 to −0.76	0.006	19.82	13.22–26.42	<0.001	−0.15	−1.79 to 1.50	0.862
Socially useful activities	0.23	0.08–0.38	0.003	−1.02	−1.57 to −0.47	<0.001	−0.02	−0.16 to 0.11	0.729
Personal and social relationships	0.21	0.07–0.36	0.004	−0.83	−1.35 to −0.32	0.002	−0.05	−0.18 to 0.07	0.412
Self-care	0.14	−0.03 to 0.30	0.098	−0.50	−1.05 to 0.05	0.077	−0.10	−0.24 to 0.04	0.149
Disturbing and aggressive behavior	0.09	−0.06 to 0.24	0.260	−0.84	−1.49 to −0.20	0.010	−0.10	−0.26 to 0.06	0.203
PANSS	−0.39	−2.91 to 2.12	0.759	−49.13	−59.22 to −39.04	<0.001	2.82	0.29–5.35	0.029
Positive symptoms	−0.03	−0.78 to 0.71	0.927	−17.09	−20.53 to −13.64	<0.001	0.88	0.01–1.74	0.046
Negative symptoms	−0.17	−1.06 to 0.71	0.701	−8.50	−10.99 to −6.02	<0.001	0.67	0.05–1.30	0.034
General symptoms	−0.18	−1.55 to 1.18	0.794	−23.58	−29.23 to −17.93	<0.001	1.26	−0.16 to 2.68	0.081
Model 2
GAF total	−2.28	−4.06 to −0.51	0.012	19.34	13.25–25.42	<0.001	−0.17	−1.67 to 1.33	0.823
PSP total	−2.43	−4.39 to −0.46	0.015	22.12	15.35–28.88	<0.001	−0.54	−2.21 to 1.13	0.525
Socially useful activities	0.25	0.10–0.40	0.001	−1.13	−1.72 to −0.54	<0.001	−0.001	−0.15 to 0.14	0.984
Personal and social relationships	0.21	0.06–0.36	0.005	−0.96	−1.51 to −0.41	0.001	−0.03	−0.16 to 0.11	0.689
Self-care	0.09	−0.08 to 0.26	0.303	−0.64	−1.23 to −0.05	0.034	−0.07	−0.22 to 0.07	0.333
Disturbing and aggressive behavior	0.01	−0.15 to 0.17	0.916	−1.00	−1.68 to −0.32	0.004	−0.07	−0.24 to 0.10	0.404
PANSS	0.38	−2.29 to 3.04	0.783	−49.13	−59.72 to −38.55	<0.001	2.76	0.13–5.39	0.040
Positive symptoms	0.08	−0.69 to 0.86	0.836	−17.00	−20.66 to −13.34	<0.001	0.85	−0.06 to 1.76	0.067
Negative symptoms	0.06	−0.88 to 1.00	0.898	−8.76	−11.45 to −6.06	<0.001	0.70	0.03–1.37	0.040
General symptoms	0.23	−1.20 to 1.67	0.748	−23.39	−29.20 to −17.59	<0.001	1.20	−0.24 to 2.65	0.102
Model 3
GAF totala	−1.93	−3.60 to −0.26	0.023	8.93	2.62–15.23	0.006	0.42	−0.97 to 1.80	0.558
PSP totala	−2.30	−4.19 to −0.40	0.018	13.88	6.57–21.18	<0.001	−0.09	−1.72 to 1.53	0.910
Socially useful activities a	0.24	0.10–0.39	0.001	−0.47	−1.11 to 0.16	0.143	−0.04	−0.18 to 0.10	0.592
Personal and social relationships a	0.21	0.06–0.35	0.004	−0.38	−0.99 to 0.23	0.219	−0.06	−0.20 to 0.07	0.383
Self-care a	0.06	−0.10 to 0.23	0.440	−0.17	−0.83 to 0.50	0.621	−0.10	−0.25 to 0.05	0.189
Disturbing and aggressive behaviora	−0.01	−0.16 to 0.15	0.941	−0.28	−0.98 to 0.42	0.427	−0.11	−0.27 to 0.04	0.161
PANSS b	0.34	−2.32 to 3.01	0.802	−49.01	−59.60 to −38.41	<0.001	2.75	0.12–5.39	0.041
Positive symptomsb	0.11	−0.66 to 0.87	0.783	−16.96	−20.63 to −13.29	<0.001	0.85	−0.06 to 1.76	0.068
Negative symptomsb	0.01	−0.93 to 0.95	0.978	−8.71	−11.41 to −6.02	<0.001	0.70	0.03–1.37	0.041
General symptomsb	0.22	−1.21 to 1.66	0.761	−23.35	−29.16 to −17.53	<0.001	1.20	−0.25 to 2.65	0.104

CI, Confidence interval; ES-SCZ, Exposome score for schizophrenia; GAF, The Global Assessment of Functioning scale; PANSS, The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; PSP, The Personal and Social Performance scale.

Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, and education.

Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex, education, migration, obstetric complications, first language, and family history.

^aModel 3 was adjusted for age, sex, education, migration, obstetric complications, first language, family history, PANSS total, antipsychotic medication, and DUP.

^bModel 3 was adjusted for age, sex, education, migration, obstetric complications, first language, family history, antipsychotic medication, and DUP.