Table 3.
Associations between each PGS and substance use controlling for family history of alcohol use disorder, cannabis use disorder, and/or nicotine dependence
| Predictors | Cumulative substance use indices ages 14–24 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol | Cannabis | Nicotine | Latent substance use | |||||
| β (95% CI) | p value | β (95% CI) | p value | β (95% CI) | p value | β (95% CI) | p value | |
| Drinks per week-PGS | 0.06 (0.01–0.10) | 0.011 | 0.02 (−0.03 to 0.07) | 0.397 | 0.06 (0.01–0.10) | 0.018 | 0.06 (0.01–0.10) | 0.014 |
| Family history | 0.27 (0.16–0.37) | 5.5 × 10−7 | 0.33 (0.21–0.44) | 2.4 × 10−8 | 0.46 (0.35–0.56) | 5.9 × 10−16 | 0.52 (0.39–0.65) | 9.8 × 10−15 |
| Problematic alcohol use-PGS | 0.10 (0.06–0.14) | 7.8 × 10−6 | 0.06 (0.02–0.11) | 0.010 | 0.09 (0.04–0.13) | 3.6 × 10−4 | 0.10 (0.05–0.14) | 2.5 × 10−5 |
| Family history | 0.24 (0.14–0.35) | 4.6 × 10−6 | 0.31 (0.20–0.43) | 1.3 × 10−7 | 0.44 (0.34–0.55) | 2.4 × 10−15 | 0.50 (0.37–0.63) | 8.4 × 10−14 |
| Lifetime cannabis use-PGS | 0.07 (0.02–0.11) | 0.002 | 0.08 (0.03–0.13) | 0.001 | 0.08 (0.04–0.13) | 4.5 × 10−4 | 0.11 (0.06–0.15) | 2.3 × 10−6 |
| Family history | 0.27 (0.17–0.37) | 5.1 × 10−7 | 0.31 (0.20–0.43) | 6.5 × 10−9 | 0.45 (0.34–0.56) | 8.6 × 10−16 | 0.52 (0.39–0.65) | 7.5 × 10−15 |
| Cannabis use disorder-PGS | 0.06 (0.02–0.11) | 0.005 | 0.10 (0.05–0.14) | 7.9 × 10−5 | 0.10 (0.05–0.15) | 2.5 × 10−5 | 0.09 (0.05–0.14) | 3.8 × 10−5 |
| Family history | 0.26 (0.16–0.36) | 1.3 × 10−6 | 0.31 (0.20–0.42) | 1.2 × 10−7 | 0.44 (0.33–0.55) | 3.3 × 10−15 | 0.50 (0.37–0.63) | 1.0 × 10−13 |
| Regular smoking-PGS | 0.09 (0.05–0.14) | 1.9 × 10−5 | 0.12 (0.07–0.17) | 8.6 × 10−7 | 0.17 (0.13–0.22) | 1.2 × 10−13 | 0.15 (0.11–0.20) | 2.1 × 10−11 |
| Family history | 0.26 (0.15–0.36) | 1.5 × 10−6 | 0.3 (0.19–0.42) | 2.2 × 10−7 | 0.42 (0.31–0.53) | 3.2 × 10−14 | 0.48 (0.35–0.61) | 3.6 × 10−13 |
| Nicotine dependence-PGS | 0.00 (−0.05 to 0.04) | 0.845 | 0.00 (−0.05 to 0.05) | 0.929 | 0.06 (0.02–0.11) | 0.008 | 0.02 (−0.02 to 0.07) | 0.294 |
| Family history | 0.27 (0.17–0.38) | 4.4 × 10−7 | 0.33 (0.22–0.44) | 2.1 × 10−8 | 0.46 (0.35–0.56) | 3.7 × 10−16 | 0.53 (0.40–0.66) | 6.6 × 10−15 |
Notes. Estimates in each panel are standardized betas with 95% CIs from separate linear mixed-effects models predicting scores on each substance use index between ages 14 and 24 as a function of each PGS and participant family history, adjusted for sex, zygosity, birth year, age at the most recent outcome assessment, and first 10 genetic PCs. ‘Family history’ in each model is matched to the outcome of interest (i.e. models shown in columns, from left to right, include a single binary variable representing the presence/absence of any family history of alcohol use disorder, family history of cannabis use disorder, family history of nicotine dependence, and family history of any SUD, respectively).