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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2023 Mar 16;158:106397. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2023.106397

Figure 3. ER stress mechanism.

Figure 3.

Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) maintains the cellular homeostasis. When misfolded proteins accumulate, they activate three major mechanisms: IRE1α, PERK, ATF6. These proteins translocate to the nucleus and upregulate the proteins responsible for increased functioning in the ER. Failure to eliminate the accumulation of misfolded proteins, triggers apoptosis.