Table 1.
Inflammatory mediators associated with IDD progression.
| Name | Size (amino acids) | Chromosomal location | Gene | Origins | Receptor | Function in IDD | Signaling pathways |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-1α | 271 | 2q14 | IL1A (IL1F1) | Neutrophil; macrophage; monocyte; endothelial cell; epithelial cell; dendritic cell | IL1R1; IL1R2 | Inhibit ECM synthesis; enhance inflammatory response; enhance bradykinin sensitivity | TGF-β; MAPK; NF-κB; Wnt/β-catenin; PI3K/Akt/mTOR |
| IL-1β | 269 | 2q14 | IL1B (IL1F2) | Neutrophil; macrophage; monocyte; endothelial cell; epithelial cell; dendritic cell | IL1R1; IL1R2 | Enhance inflammatory response; promote ECM degradation; accelerate cellular senescence; promote apoptosis and pyroptosis; regulate NP cell proliferation; increase intracellular ROS; increase angiogenesis and neoinnervation | TGF-β; MAPK; NF-κB; Wnt/β-catenin; PI3K/Akt/mTOR |
| IL-2 | 153 | 4q26-q27 | IL2 | Th1 cell | IL2RA; IL2RB; IL2RG | Regulate NP cell proliferation; promote apoptosis; promote ECM degradation | PI3K/Akt/mTOR; MAPK; JAK-STAT |
| IL-4 | 153 | 5q31.1 | IL4 | Th2 cell; NK cell; T cell; mast cell | IL4R | Inhibit inflammatory processes | JAK-STAT |
| IL-6 | 212 | 7p21 | IL6 (IFNB2) | Neutrophil; macrophage; T cell; B cell; monocyte; endothelial cell; epithelial cell; dendritic cell | IL6R | Enhance inflammatory response; promote apoptosis of neurons in the dorsal root ganglion; promote chondrocyte ferrogenesis | JAK-STAT; MAPK; PI3K/Akt/mTOR |
| IL-8 | 99 | 4q13-q21 | CXCL8 (IL8) | Neutrophil; NK cell; endothelial cell; monocyte | CXCR1; CXCR2 | Enhance inflammatory response; regulate angiogenesis | MAPK; JAK-STAT; NF-κB; PI3K/Akt/mTOR |
| IL-9 | 144 | 5q31.1 | IL9 | Th2 cell | IL9R | Enhance inflammatory response | MAPK; JAK-STAT |
| IL-10 | 178 | 1q31-q32 | IL10 | Macrophage; T cell; B cell; NK cell; monocyte; dendritic cell | IL10R1; IL10R2 | Enhance inflammatory response | MAPK; JAK-STAT; NF-κB |
| IL-17A | 155 | 6p12 | IL17A (CTLA8, IL17) | Th17 cell; NK cell | IL17RA; IL17RC | Enhance inflammatory response; promote ECM degradation; block autophagy in degenerating NP cells | MAPK; NF-κB; C/EBPβ/δ |
| TNF-α | 233 | 6p21.33 | TNF (TNFA, TNFSF2) | Endothelial cell; epithelial cell; macrophage; neutrophil; NK cell; dendritic; monocyte; B cell; T cell | TNFR1; TNFR2 | Enhance inflammatory response;1 promote ECM degradation;1 accelerate cellular senescence;1 promote apoptosis;1 regulate NP cell proliferation;1 increase angiogenesis and neoinnervation | MAPK; NF-κB; Notch; UPR/XBP1 |
| Chemokines | - | - | - | Endothelial cell; epithelial cell; B cell; T cell; NK cell | CR; CCR; CXCR; CX3CR | Enhance inflammatory response; promote ECM degradation; promote apoptosis; Increase angiogenesis and neoinnervation | NF-κB; PI3K/Akt/mTOR |
| NLRP3 | 1036 | 1q44 | NLRP3 (C1orf7, CIAS1, NALP3, PYPAF1) | Neutrophil; macrophage | - | Enhance inflammatory response; promote apoptosis | NF-κB |