. 2023 Apr 14;11(5):e729–e739. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00109-2

Table 2.

Start, peak, and end months of influenza seasons and dominant epidemic patterns for 25 African countries

	Number of peaks	Season duration (months)			Dominant season			Secondary season			Tertiary season			Transmission zones
		Dominant	Secondary	Tertiary	Start	Peak	End	Start	Peak	End	Start	Peak	End	Current WHO vaccination zones¹¹	Dominant epidemic pattern^*
Algeria	1	4	..	..	Dec	Feb	April	..	..	..	..	..	..	Northern	NH
Burkina Faso	1	7	..	..	Oct	Feb	March	..	..	..	..	..	..	Western	NH
Egypt	1	7	..	..	Nov	Dec	May	..	..	..	..	..	..	Northern	NH
Morocco	1	5	..	..	Nov	Feb	March	..	..	..	..	..	..	Northern	NH
Niger	1	7	..	..	Sept	Feb	March	..	..	..	..	..	..	Western	NH
Tunisia	1	5	..	..	Dec	March	April	..	..	..	..	..	..	Northern	NH
Cameroon	2	4	3	..	Sept	Nov	Dec	April	April	June	..	..	..	Middle	NH (some SH)
Mozambique	3	3	3	1	Feb	March	April	Oct	Nov	Dec	Aug	Aug	Aug	Eastern	NH (some SH)
Ethiopia	2	7	1	..	Oct	Jan	April	Aug	Aug	Aug	..	..	..	Eastern	NH (some SH)
Mali	2	3	3	..	Jan	Feb	March	Aug	Oct	Oct	..	..	..	Western	NH (some SH)
Nigeria	2	5	3	..	Aug	Oct	Dec	Jan	Feb	March	..	..	..	Western	NH (some SH)
Senegal	2	4	2	..	Aug	Oct	Nov	Feb	March	March	..	..	..	Western	NH (some SH)
Togo	2	4	2	..	Sept	Oct	Dec	May	June	June	..	..	..	Western	NH (some SH)
Tanzania	2	5	4	..	Nov	Dec	March	March	April	June	..	..	..	Eastern	NH (some SH)
Kenya	3	5	2	2	Jan	March	May	July	Aug	Aug	Oct	Nov	Nov	Eastern	SH (some NH)
Uganda	1	6	..	..	July	Aug	Dec	..	..	..	..	..	..	Eastern	SH (some NH)
Ghana	2	4	3	..	Sept	Nov	Dec	June	June	Aug	..	..	..	Western	SH (some NH)
Central African Republic	1	5	..	..	July	Sept	Nov	..	..	..	..	..	..	Middle	SH
South Africa	1	6	..	..	May	June	Oct	..	..	..	..	..	..	Southern	SH
Zambia	1	6	..	..	June	Aug	Nov	..	..	..	..	..	..	Eastern	SH
Côte d'Ivoire	2	4	3	..	Sept	Nov	Dec	June	June	Aug	..	..	..	Western	No clear pattern
DR Congo	1	7	..	..	Dec	Dec	June	..	..	..	..	..	..	Middle	No clear pattern
Rwanda	1	6	..	..	Feb	May	July	..	..	..	..	..	..	Eastern	No clear pattern
Madagascar	1	8	..	..	Jan	Feb	Aug	..	..	..	..	..	..	Eastern	No clear pattern
Mauritius	1	7	..	..	Jan	Jan	July	..	..	..	..	..	..	Eastern	No clear pattern

NH=northern hemisphere. SH=southern hemisphere.

Generated with the aggregate average method.