FIGURE 2.

Information flow across common distributed brain networks during movement execution, observation and imagery. Schematic representations of the distributed brain networks (left) show the gross anatomical cortico-cortical and corticocerebellar connections for brain regions related to motor processing. The general comparison of information flow for cortico-cortical as well as cortico-cerebellar pathways is summarized for movement execution, observation, and imagery. Dashed lines represent altered connectivity across conditions and ± symbols indicate changes in input across regions as based on a summary of neuroimaging studies and neurophysiological recordings in humans and monkeys as discussed in the text. Note that here we focus on pre-motor, motor, parietal, and sensory cortical networks as well as corticocerebellar pathways. An important role for lateral prefrontal cortex has been reviewed previously (see Rozzi and Fogassi, 2017) and the basal ganglia also plays an important role in cognitive-motor interactions (e.g., Yágüez et al., 1999; see also Leisman et al., 2014). CN, cerebellar nuclei; M1, primary motor cortex; PMC, pre-motor cortex; S1, primary somatosensory cortex; SMA, supplementary motor area, note SMA also includes preSMA; visual, refers to visual cortical pathways including striate and extrastriate regions, see text for details.