. 2023 Apr 11;10:1113013. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1113013

Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies.

References	Risk of bias¹	Country	Setting²	Data source³	Study design⁴	Gender, sex⁵	Age in years	Sample size	Individual	Social	Physical	Macro	F, V, FV⁶	Consumer behavior
														Consumption, purchase	What, how, where, when
Adenegan et al. (28)	H	Nigeria	U, R	P	CSS	F, M	NR	200	✓				F, V	Purchase	What
Adeoye et al. (29)	H	Nigeria	U	P	CSS	F, M	21–60+	150	✓	✓	✓		V	Purchase	What
Amare et al. (30)	L	Ethiopia	U	P	CSS	F, M	18–65+	356	✓				F, V	Consumption	What, how
Amo-Adjei and Kumi-Kyereme (31)	M	Ghana	U, R	S	CSS	F, M	15–59	9,484	✓	✓		✓	F, V	Consumption	What
Badurally et al. (32)	H	Mauritius	U, R	P	CSS	F, M	NR	374	✓	✓			F, V	Consumption	What
Banwat et al. (33)	H	Nigeria	U	P	CSS	F, M	18–60+	250	✓				FV	Consumption	What
Bhurosy and Jeewon (34)	M	Mauritius	U, R	P	CSS	F	18–65	400	✓				F, V	Consumption	How
Bloomfield et al. (35)	L	Kenya	PU	P	CSS	F, M	16–64 +	4,037	✓				FV	Consumption	What
Bosha et al. (36)	M	Ethiopia	R	P	LONGL	F	20–40	578				✓	FV, F, V	Consumption	What
De Filippo et al. (37)	L	Nigeria	U, PU	P	CSS	F, M	18–65	632	✓	✓	✓		FV	Consumption	What
Demmler et al. (38)	L	Kenya	U	P, S	LONGL	F, M	18 +	1,199			✓		FV	Consumption	What
Gelibo et al. (39)	M	Ethiopia	U, R	P	CSS	F, M	15–69	10,260	✓	✓			FV	Consumption	What
Hall et al. (40)	L	Tanzania	R	S	LONGL	F, M	NR	1,256	✓	✓		✓	FV, F, V	Consumption	What
Jordan et al. (41)	L	Uganda	U, R	P	LONGL	F	30.95	445				✓	FV, F, V	Consumption	What, where
Kabwama et al. (42)	L	Uganda	U, R	S	CSS	F, M	18–69	3,962	✓	✓			FV	Consumption	What
Keding et al. (43)	L	Kenya	R	P	LONGL	F	40.2 (±16.5)	272	✓		✓	✓	FV, F, V	Consumption	What, how, when
Keetile et al. (44)	M	Botswana	U, R	S	CSS	F, M	< 24–65+	1,178	✓				FV	Consumption	What
Kibr (45)	M	Ethiopia	U	P	CSS	F	15–49	423	✓	✓	✓	✓	FV	Consumption	What
Labadarios et al. (46)	M	South Africa	U, R	P	CSS	F, M	16 +	3,287	✓				FV, F, V	Consumption	What
Lagerkvist et al. (47)	M	Ghana	U	P	CSS	F, M	17–60	332			✓		V	Consumption	How^*, when
Layade et al. (48)	H	Nigeria	U	P	CSS	F, M	15–34	200	✓		✓	✓	FV	Purchase	What
Leyna et al. (49)	M	Tanzania	R	P	CSS	F, M	15-44	1,014	✓				F, V	Consumption	How
Lomira et al. (50)	M	Uganda	U, R	P	CSS	F, M	NR	400	✓	✓			FV	Consumption	What
MacIntyre et al. (51)	L	South Africa	U, R	P	CSS	F, M	15–80	1,751				✓	F, V	Consumption	What
Mayén et al. (52)	L	Seychelles	U, R	S	CSS	F, M	25–64	2,476	✓				FV	Consumption	How
Modibedi et al. (53)	M	South Africa	U	P	CSS	F, M	NR	254	✓	✓			V	Consumption	How
Msambichaka et al. (54)	M	Tanzania	SU	S	CSS	F, M	15–60+	7,953	✓	✓		✓	FV, F, V	Consumption	What, how
Musaiger et al. (55)	M	Sudan	U	P	CSS	F, M	18–30	400	✓				F, V	Consumption	How
Neergheen-Bhujun et al. (56)	M	Mauritius	U, R	P	CSS	F, M	18–65 +	675	✓	✓			V	Consumption	How
Obayelu et al. (57)	H	Nigeria	U	P	CSS	F, M	< 20–50 +	100	✓	✓	✓		F	Purchase	What
Odunitan-Wayas et al.^b (58)	M	South Africa	U	P	CSS	F, M	≥ 18	422			✓		FV	Purchase	How
Odunitan-Wayas et al.^b (59)	M	South Africa	U	P	CSS	F, M	18–55+	395	✓		✓		F, V	Purchase	What
Okop et al. (60)	M	South Africa	U, R	P	CSS	F, M	30–75	535	✓		✓		FV	Consumption	What
Onah et al. (61)	M	Uganda, Rwanda, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique	R	S	CSS	F	28.95	10,041		✓			FV, V	Consumption	What
Oyedele et al. (62)	H	Nigeria	U	P	CSS	F, M	36.7 ± 9.2	311	✓	✓			V	Purchase	What
Padrão et al. (63)	L	Mozambique	U, R	P	CSS	F, M	25–64	12,902	✓				F, V	Consumption	How
Padrão et al. (64)	L	Mozambique	U, R	P	CSS	F, M	25–64	3,298	✓			✓	F, V	Consumption	What
Peltzer and Pengpid (65)	L	South Africa	U, R	S	CSS	F, M	15+	15,310	✓				F, V	Consumption	What
Peltzer and Promtussananon (66)	M	South Africa	R, PU	P	CSS	F, M	18–64	200	✓				FV	Consumption	What
Pengpid and Peltzer (67)	M	Kenya	U, R	S	CSS	F, M	18–69	4,479	✓				FV, F, V	Consumption	What
Raaijmakers et al. (68)	M	Nigeria	U	P	CSS	F	18–55	1,220	✓		✓		V	Consumption	What, how
Ravaoarisoa et al. (69)	L	Madagascar	R	P	LONGL	F	18–45	608				✓	F, V	Consumption	How
Reyes-García et al. (70)	L	Cameroon	R	P	LONGL	F, M	16+	160				✓	FV, F, V	Consumption, Acquisition	What, where
Riha et al. (71)	L	Uganda	R	P, S	CSS	F, M	13+	7,340				✓	FV	Consumption	What
Savy et al. (72)	L	Burkina Faso	R	P	LONGL	F	<20–30+	550				✓	FV, F, V	Consumption	What
Sinyolo et al. (73)	M	South Africa	U, R	P, S	CSS	F, M	45.72	20,908	✓	✓	✓		F, V	Consumption	What, how
Subratty and Jowaheer (74)	H	Mauritius	U, R	P	CSS	F, M	15–60	1,213	✓				F	Consumption	How, when
Tata et al. (75)	M	Cameroon	R	P, S	CSS	F	29.7 ± 7.032	247				✓	FV, F, V	Consumption	What
Thakwalakwa et al. (76)	L	Malawi	U, R	P	LONGL	F	27.8 ± 6.0	274	✓	✓	✓	✓	F, V	Consumption	What, when
Torheim et al. (77)	M	Mali	R	P	CSS	F, M	15–45	491	✓				F	Consumption	What
Unwin et al. (78)	M	Tanzania	U, R	P	LONGL	F, M	15-59	209				✓	F, V	Consumption	What
Wang et al. (79)	H	Ghana	U	P	CSS	F, M	39.2	1,100	✓	✓			F	Consumption	How
Yaya and Bishwajit (80)	M	Namibia	U, R	S	CSS	F, M	15–49	14,185	✓	✓	✓		FV	Consumption	What

Risk of bias: H, high; M, moderate; L, low;

Setting: R, rural; U, urban; PU, peri-urban; SU, semi-urban;

Data source: P, primary; S, secondary;

⁴

Study design: CSS, Cross-sectional study; LONGL, longitudinal study;

⁴

Gender, sex: F, female; M, male;

⁶

F;V;FV; F, Fruit; V, Vegetable; FV, Fruit and vegetables combined;

^a,b

References referring to one study;

How^*: referring to how foods were treated before consumption.