Table 5.
Macro environment.
| Sub-level | Factor | Consumer behavior | Evidence* (References) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Consumption | Purchase | What | How | When | Positive association | Negative association | Significant difference | No association/no significant difference | ||
| Natural landscape | Ecological zone (forest vs. coastal) | F | x | (31) | ||||||
| V | x | (31) | ||||||||
| Ecological zone (Savannah vs. coastal) | F | x | (31) | |||||||
| V | x | (31) | (31) | |||||||
| Forest cover | F | x | (40) | (40) | ||||||
| V | x | (40) | (40) | |||||||
| FV | x | (40) | ||||||||
| Forest vs. non-forest area | F | x | (75) | |||||||
| V | x | (75) | (75) | |||||||
| FV | x | (75) | ||||||||
| Season | Season | F | x | (40) | (43, 72, 76) | (36, 40, 72) | ||||
| F | x | x | (41) | (41) | ||||||
| F | x | (69) | ||||||||
| V | x | (36, 43, 70, 72, 76) | ||||||||
| V | x | (69) | (40) | |||||||
| V | x | x | (41) | (41) | ||||||
| V | X | (70) | ||||||||
| FV | x | (43, 70) | (36, 40, 70, 72) | |||||||
| FV | x | x | (41) | (41) | ||||||
| FV | x | (70) | ||||||||
| Urbanization | Strata of urbanization | F | x | (51) | ||||||
| V | x | (51) | ||||||||
| Urbanicity level (various levels compared to least urban) | FV | x | (71) | |||||||
| Rural to urban migration | FV | x | (78) | (78) | ||||||
| Societal and cultural norms | Religion | F | x | (31) | (31, 54) | |||||
| V | x | (31) | (31) | (31, 54) | ||||||
| FV | x | (45) | (54) | |||||||
| FV | x | (48) | ||||||||
*
Evidence: Relationship for positive or negative association qualified as statistically significant at the 5% level, based on correlation and regression analysis. Significant differences: tested e.g., via t-tests; ANOVA; No association, no significant difference: not statistically significant, or no association. F, Fruit; FV, Fruit and vegetables combined; V, Vegetables; What: Quantities consumed, amount spent for purchasing FV; % of people consuming F, V or FV; How: Represents the frequency of consumption or purchase; Where: is referring to urban/rural areas; in 70 where is referring to where the consumed FV were obtained from, e.g., from the market or from the wild.