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. 2023 Apr 24;17:31. doi: 10.1186/s13036-023-00349-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 7 — Scale-up in a 3 L bioreactor of the DuckCelt®-T17 culture using batch (glutamine and glutamax), fed-batch (glutamax + SFM) or perfusion processes. Time evolution of cell growth (solid line) (a), viability percentage (dotted line) (b) and waste product concentration (ammonium in solid line and lactate in dotted line) (c). Comparison of metabolic profiles at day 9 between the culture permeate and the bioreactor culture medium (d). Results are presented as means ± SD (n = 3 for strategies A and M, n = 2 for strategy B, n = 1 for perfusion assay)