Table 2.

Commonly used tools or measures that assess self-management and patient activation.

Measure	Description
Chronic Kidney Disease—Self-Management Knowledge Tool (CKD-SMKT) [51]	The CKD-SMKT is a validated 11-item questionnaire, which comprises of several statements of self-management behaviours to which the respondent must indicate if they believe this is ‘true’, ‘false’ or ‘I do not know’, and if they have done this in the last six months (yes or no). Respondents are asked how much they know about their kidney health and to rate this on a five-point Likert scale from “I know everything I need to know” to “I know nothing”. The CKD-SMKT assess CKD disease-specific knowledge of self-management, which is associated with higher patient activation and improved self-management behaviours.
Patient Assessment of Care (PACIC) [52]	The PACIC is a validated 20-item tool to assess the extent to which patients with a long-term condition receive care that aligns with the Chronic Care Model (CCM). The items are aggregated to form five subscales: (1) patient activation, (2) delivery system design/decision support, (3) goal setting/tailoring, (4) problem solving/contextual, and (5) follow-up/coordination. Whilst these subscales are congruent to the components of CCM, they do not perfectly map onto the CCM components. Respondents rate how often they experienced the content described in each item during the past six months. Each item is scored on a five-point Likert scale from “almost never to “almost always”. Patient activation (i.e., actions that solicit patient input and involvement in decision-making), goal setting (i.e., acquiring information for and setting of specific, collaborative goal), and problem-solving/contextual (i.e., considering potential barriers and the patient’s social and cultural environment in making treatment plans) counselling all map onto self-management support in the CCM.
Patient Activation Measure (PAM) [16]	The PAM-13 is the short form of the 22-item PAM [17] measuring the knowledge, skills, and confidence for self-management. Individuals respond to items such as ‘I know how to prevent further problems with my health condition’ using a 4-point Likert scale ranging from ‘strongly disagree’ (1) to ‘strongly agree’ (4). A ‘not applicable’ (N/A) response is also available. Responses of N/A are scored as 0 and are reported to distinguish those left blank. A continuous activation score is computed from the raw score using an empirically derived calibration table by Insignia Health. The PAM-13 is scored along a Guttman scale (0–100) with higher scores along a unidimensional continuum signifying greater activation. Level 1 (PAM-13 score ≤47; disengagement and disbelief about one’s own role in self-management) encompasses items 1 and 2; Level 2 (47.1–55.1; increasing awareness, confidence, and knowledge in self-management tasks), items 3–8; Level 3 (55.2–67; readiness and taking action), 9–11; and Level 4 (≥67.1; sustainment).