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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Apr 25.
Published in final edited form as: Pediatr Diabetes. 2020 Dec 3;22(2):148–160. doi: 10.1111/pedi.13152

TABLE 4.

Possible molecular targets for treatment of cerebral edema

Proposed target Proposed therapeutic approach Evidence from studies
Na+/H+ exchanger Selective amiloride analogues47 In juvenile mice, associated with reduced cellular swelling and decreased water content during DKA therapy159–160
Na-K-Cl cotransporter Loop diuretic bumetanide In rats, associated with reduction of cytotoxic edema and prevention of reperfusion injury32–33–54
Ca-activated K channel Inhibitor TRAM-34 In juvenile rats, associated with reduced microglial activation and reactive gliosis during DKA
therapy85
Oxidative stress Antioxidant vitamins C and E44 No studies-to-date
NMDA receptor NMDA receptor antagonist No studies-to-date

Abbreviations: DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate.