Table 2.
Study | Characteristics of participants | Intervention protocols | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population and sample size (ratio of female) | Age (y) [Mean (SD)] | Disease onset duration (y) | EG | CG | Intervention period | Additional therapy | |
rTMS (N = 3) | |||||||
Goh et al. (2019) | Young EG1: 9 (55.6%) EG2: 10 (60%) | 29.3 (5.8) | -- | Site: EG1: DLPFC; EG2: SMA Parameters: 90% RMT, 5 Hz, ITI of 30s, 1,200 pulses | Site: the left M1 Parameters: 90% RMT, 5 Hz, ITI of 30s, 1,200 pulses | 1 session | NR |
Goh et al. (2020) | Stroke 15 (33%) | 57.7 (9.7) | 22.8 (16.7) | Site: EG1: DLPFC; EG2: SMA Parameters: 90% RMT, 5 Hz, ITI of 30s, 1,200 pulses | Site: the left M1 Parameters: 90% RMT, 5 Hz, ITI of 30s, 1,200 pulses | 1 session | NR |
Chung et al. (2020) | PD EG1: 17 (41%) EG2: 17 (47%) CG: 16 (56%) | EG1: 62.7 (6.8) EG2: 62.1 (5.7) CG: 62.1 (5.7) | EG: 5.2 (3.4) EG2: 7.5 (4.9) CG: 6.9 (3.3) | Site: the leg area of bilateral M1 Parameters: EG1: 25 Hz; EG2: 1 Hz; 80% RMT, ITI of 50s, 1,200 pulses | Site: the leg area of bilateral M1 Parameters: sham | 4 days/week, for 3 weeks (12 sessions) | 30 min of treadmill training. |
tDCS (N = 12) | |||||||
Zhou et al. (2014) | Young 20 (50%) | 22 (2) | -- | Site: Anode: L-DLPFC; Cathoda: R- supraorbital region Parameters: 1.1 ± 0.3 mA, 20 min | Site: Anode: L-DLPFC; Cathoda: R- supraorbital region Parameters: 0 mA, 20 min | 1 session | NR |
Wrightson et al. (2015) | Young 10 (NR) | 23 (3.2) | -- | Site: EG1: Anode: PFC; EG2: Cathoda: PFC Parameters: 1.5 mA, 15 min | Site: PFC Parameters: 0 mA, 0.5 min | 1 session | NR |
Pineau et al. (2021) | Young EG: 12 (25%) CG: 12 (25%) | EG: 21.6 (1.6) CG: 21.1 (1.0) | -- | Site: Anode:L-DLPFC; Cathoda:R- supraorbital region Parameters: 2 mA/ 30 min | Site: Anode:L-DLPFC; Cathoda:R- supraorbital region Parameters: 2 mA/ 1 min | 1 session | NR |
Zhou et al. (2015) | Older 20 (45%) | 63 (3.6) | -- | Site: Anode: L-DLPFC; Cathoda: R- supraorbital region Parameters: 1.4 ± 0.4 mA/ 20 min | Site: Anode:L-DLPFC; Cathoda:R- supraorbital region Parameters: 2 mA/ 1 min | 1 session | NR |
Manor et al. (2016) | Older 37 (67.6%) | 61 (5.0) | -- | Site: Anode:L-DLPFC; Cathoda:R- supraorbital region Parameters: 1.4 ± 0.4 mA/ 20 min | Site: Anode:L-DLPFC; Cathoda:R- supraorbital region Parameters: 2 mA/ 1 min | 1 session | NR |
Manor et al. (2018) | Older EG: 9 (55.6%) CG: 9 (55.6%) | EG: 82 (4.0) CG: 79 (4.0) | -- | Site: Anode:L-DLPFC; Cathoda:R- supraorbital region Parameters: 1.9 ± 0.3 mA/ 20 min | Site: Anode:L-DLPFC; Cathoda:R- supraorbital region Parameters: 2.0 ± 0.1 mA/ 1 min | 5 days/week, for 2 weeks (10 sessions) | NR |
Schneider et al. (2021) | Older 25 (80%) | 73.9 (5.2) | -- | Site: M1 + LDLPFC Parameters: 20 min | Site: M1 + LDLPFC Parameters: sham | 1 session | EG: tDCS+walking; CG: sham+walking |
Schabrun et al. (2016) | PD EG: 8 (NR) CG: 8 (NR) | EG: 72 (4.9) CG: 63 (11.0) | EG: 6.9 (4.4) CG: 4.6 (3.9) | Site: Anode:L-M1; Cathoda:R- supraorbital region Parameters: 2 mA/ 20 min | Site: Anode:L-M1; Cathoda:R- supraorbital region Parameters: 2 mA/ 0 min | 3 days/week, for 3 weeks (9 sessions) | 20 min of gait training |
Swank et al. (2016) | PD 10 (NR) | 68.7 (10.2) | 7.9 (7.1) | Site: Anode:L-DLPFC; Cathoda:R- supraorbital region Parameters: 2 mA/ 20 min | Site: Anode: L-DLPFC; Cathoda: R- supraorbital region Parameters: 1 mA/ 0.5 min | 1 session | NR |
Mishra and Thrasher (2021) | PD 20 (NR) | 67.8(8.3) | 4.8 (3.8) | Site: Anode:L-DLPFC; Cathoda:R- supraorbital region Parameters: 2 mA/ 30 min | Site: Anode: L-DLPFC; Cathoda: R- supraorbital region Parameters: 2 mA/ 1 min | 1 session | NR |
Wong et al. (2022a,b) | PD EG1: 9 EG2: 9 EG3: 9 CG: 9 | EG1: 54.20 (4.1) EG2: 50.09 (2.4) EG3: 61.30 (7.9) CG: 58.30 (8.0) | EG1: 7.8 (5.7) EG2: 6.2 (3.3) EG3: 4.1 (3.3) CG: 8.3 (0.12) | Site: Anode: EG1: L- M1; EG2: L-DLPFC; EG3: L-Cerebellum; Cathode: R- supraorbital region Parameters: 2 mA/ 20 min | Site: Anode: L- M1; Cathode: Contralateral supraorbital ridge Parameters: 2 mA/ 1 min | 1 session | 30 min of gait training |
Wong et al. (2022a,b) | Stroke EG1: 12 EG2: 12 EG3: 12 CG: 12 | EG1:54.3 (16.1) EG2: 53.3 (19.0) EG3: 59.2 (12.7) CG: 55.2 (14.0) | EG1:59.9 (57.3) EG2: 63.0 (40.8) EG3: 57.8 (71.3) CG: 57.4 (58.2) | Site: EG1: Anode: ipsilesional M1; Cathode: contralateral supraorbital ridge; EG2: Anode: ipsilesional M1; Cathoda:contralesional M1; EG3: Anode: contralateral supraorbital ridge; Cathode: contralesional M1 Parameters: 2 mA/ 20 min | Site: Anode: ipsilesional M1; Cathode: contralateral supraorbital ridge Parameters: 2 mA/ 1 min | 1 session | NR |
CG: control group; EG: experimental group; L: left; NR: not reported; PD: Parkinson’s Disease; R: right.