Table 3.
NIBS: Effects on mobility outcomes.
| Outcomes | tDCS (N = 10) | TMS (N = 3) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Under ST condition | Under DT condition | Under ST condition | Under DT condition | |
| Walking function | ||||
| Healthy young adults (N = 3) | Speeda (Pineau et al., 2021), Stride time variability (Wrightson et al., 2015): (NS) | Speeda (Zhou et al., 2014), DTC in speed (Zhou et al., 2014), DTC in stride time variability (Wrightson et al., 2015): (NS) | Speeda (Goh et al., 2019): (NS) | Speeda (Goh et al., 2019): (NS) |
| Older adults (N = 3) | Speed (Manor et al., 2016, 2018), TUG (Manor et al., 2018), 4-m walking time (Manor et al., 2018), Stride time (Manor et al., 2018), Stride time variability and 2-week-FU (Manor et al., 2018): (NS) | Speed (Manor et al., 2016, 2018), Stride time (Manor et al., 2018), and their corresponding DTC: (NS) DTC in Stride time variability (Manor et al., 2018) and Double support time (Schneider et al., 2021): (NS) Stride time variability (Manor et al., 2018): −0.61*; DTC in Stride time (Schneider et al., 2021): 1.14*; Stride time variability (Schneider et al., 2021): 4.04*; Swing time variability (Schneider et al., 2021): 0.87*; Step regularity (Schneider et al., 2021): 0.46* | ||
| Stroke (N = 2) | Step time (Wong et al., 2022a,b), Step length (Wong et al., 2022a,b), DTC in Speed (Wong et al., 2022a,b): (NS) Speed (Wong et al., 2022a,b): 0.37* Cadence (Wong et al., 2022a,b): 0.5* | Cadence (Wong et al., 2022a,b), Step time: (NS) (Wong et al., 2022a,b), Step length (Wong et al., 2022a,b), DTC in Speed (Wong et al., 2022a,b): (NS) Speed (Wong et al., 2022a,b): 0.27 ~ 0.34* | Speeda (Goh et al., 2020): (NS) | Speeda (Goh et al., 2020): (NS) |
| Parkinson’s disease (N = 4) | Speed (Schabrun et al., 2016; Mishra and Thrasher, 2021; Wong et al., 2022a,b), TUG (Schabrun et al., 2016; Swank et al., 2016; Wong et al., 2022a,b), Cadence (Schabrun et al., 2016; Wong et al., 2022a,b), Stride time (Wong et al., 2022a,b), Step length (Schabrun et al., 2016; Wong et al., 2022a,b), Double support time and 12-week FU(Schabrun et al., 2016): (NS) | Speed (Schabrun et al., 2016; Mishra and Thrasher, 2021), DTC in speed (Mishra and Thrasher, 2021; Wong et al., 2022a,b), TUGa (Schabrun et al., 2016; Swank et al., 2016), Cadence: (NS) (Schabrun et al., 2016; Wong et al. 2022a,b), Stride time (Wong et al., 2022a,b), Step length (Schabrun et al., 2016; Wong et al., 2022a,b), Double support time and 12-week FU (Schabrun et al., 2016): (NS) Speed (Zhou et al., 2014): 0.65* | Fastest walking speed and 1-month FU (Chung et al., 2020): (NS) month FU (Chung et al., 2020): 0.51* TUG and 1-month FU (Chung et al., 2020): (NS) 3-month FU (Chung et al., 2020): −0.64* | TUG (Chung et al., 2020): (NS) 1-month FU (Chung et al., 2020): −0.67* 3-month FU (Chung et al., 2020): −0.59* |
| Balance function (laboratory-based measures) | ||||
| Healthy young adults (N = 3) | Postural sway speed and areaa (Zhou et al., 2014), Range AP and ML (Eyes open/closed) (Pineau et al., 2021), Mean velocity (Eyes open/closed) (Pineau et al., 2021): (NS) | ML/AP trunk RoM and their corresponding DTC (Wrightson et al., 2015; Pineau et al., 2021), DTC in postural sway speed and areaa (Zhou et al., 2014), Mean velocity (open/closed): (NS) (Pineau et al., 2021) Postural sway area and speeda* (Zhou et al., 2014) | ||
| Older adults (N = 2) | COP complexity indexa (Zhou et al., 2015), Standing postural sway area, speed and 2-week-FU (Manor et al., 2016, 2018): (NS) | COP complexity index and its DTCa (Zhou et al., 2015), Standing postural sway area, speed and their corresponding DTC (Manor et al., 2018; Mishra and Thrasher, 2021): (NS) | ||
a
: Original data not reported.
*
: Significant improvement in experimental group compared with control group, values are standardized effect sizes for significant results (Hedges’ g: 0.2 = small, 0.5 = medium, 0.8 = large).
AP: anterior–posterior; DTC: dual-task costs; ML: medio-lateral; NS: not significant; RoM: range of motion; TUG: timed up and go test.