Table 4.
NIBS: Effects on cognition and other outcomes.
| Outcomes | tDCS (N = 10) | TMS (N = 3) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Under ST condition | Under DT condition | Under ST condition | Under DT condition | |
| Cognitive function | ||||
| Healthy young adults (N = 3) | Serial subtractiona (Pineau et al., 2021), Error ratio: (NS) (Wrightson et al., 2015) | Serial subtractiona (Pineau et al., 2021), DTC in Error ratio: (NS) (Wrightson et al., 2015) | Serial subtractiona (Goh et al., 2020): (NS) | Serial subtractiona (Goh et al., 2020): (NS) |
| Older adults (N = 4) | MoCA (Manor et al., 2018), TMT (Part B − Part A) (Manor et al., 2018), Stroopa (Manor et al., 2016), Serial subtractiona (Manor et al., 2016): (NS) | Serial subtraction error rate (Zhou et al., 2015), DTC in Serial subtractiona (Mishra and Thrasher, 2021): (NS) | ||
| Stroke (N = 1) | Serial subtractiona (https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/current, see footnote 1): (NS) | Serial subtractiona (https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/current, see footnote 1): (NS) | ||
| Parkinson’s disease (N = 3) | Words generateda (Wong et al., 2022a,b): (NS) | Words generated (Swank et al., 2016), DTC in Words generated (Wong et al., 2022a,b), Serial subtraction (Swank et al., 2016; Schneider et al., 2021), DTC in Serial subtractiona (Schneider et al., 2021): (NS) | ||
| Other functions | ||||
| Parkinson’s disease (N = 3) | PDQ-39a (Swank et al., 2016), Resting motor threshold (Zhou et al., 2014), Motor evoked potentials (Zhou et al., 2014): (NS) CSP (Zhou et al., 2014): 0.19* | Slope of RC (Goh et al., 2019), SICI (Goh et al., 2019): (NS) CSP: 0.55* (Goh et al., 2019) MDS-UPDRS III (Goh et al., 2019):-0.62* ~ −0.32* 1-mon follow-up (Goh et al., 2019): −0.51* SICI: 1-mon FU (Goh et al., 2019): −0.33* 3-mon FU (Goh et al., 2019): (NS) | ||
| Stroke (n = 1) | Resting motor threshold (Schabrun et al., 2016), SICI (Schabrun et al., 2016): (NS) CSP (Schabrun et al., 2016): 0.39 ~ 0.48* | |||
a
: Original data not reported.
*
: Significant improvement in experimental group compared with control group; values are standardized effect sizes for significant results (Hedges’ g: 0.2 = small, 0.5 = medium, 0.8 = large).
CSP: cortical silent period; DTC:Dual-task costs; MDS-UPDRS III: Movement Disorders Society–Unifified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part III; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; NS: not significant; PDQ-39: quality of life scores-39; RC: recruitment curve; SICI: short-interval intracortical inhibition; TMT (Part B − Part A): Trail Making Test Part B minus Part A.