Table 1.
Participant characteristics and outcomes
| VIR-N1-Zero group (n=150) | VIR-N1-Low group (n=403) | VIR-N1-Storm group (n=283) | p value for VIR-N1-Zero vs VIR-N1-Low | p value for VIR-N1-Zero vs VIR-N1-Storm | p value for VIR-N1-Low vs VIR-N1-Storm | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | |||||||
| Age, years | 60 (51–71) | 64 (56–71) | 68 (60–75) | 0·22 | <0·0001 | <0·0001 | |
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 53 (35%) | 121 (30%) | 86 (30%) | .. | .. | .. | |
| Male | 97 (65%) | 282 (70%) | 197 (70%) | 0·23 | 0·29 | 0·92 | |
| Time from symptoms onset to ICU admission, days | 11 (8–15) | 10 (7–12) | 9 (7–12) | 0·0074 | 0·0001 | 0·31 | |
| SOFA score | 4 (3–6) | 5 (4–7) | 5 (4–7) | 0·015 | <0·0001 | 0·014 | |
| PaO2:FiO2 ratio | 118·84 (91·22–160·42) | 109·00 (80·00–143·06) | 97·71 (70·00–128·89) | 0·041 | <0·0001 | 0·015 | |
| Mean arterial pressure, mm Hg | 87·73 (74·08–100·00) | 88·80 (76·67–100·00) | 88·80 (76·67–97·67) | .. | .. | .. | |
| Haemoglobin concentration, g/dL | 13·40 (11·78–14·53) | 13·40 (12·23–14·50) | 13·20 (11·90–14·60) | .. | .. | .. | |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Hypertension | 70 (47%) | 209 (52%) | 162 (57%) | 0·28 | 0·036 | 0·16 | |
| Obesity | 62 (41%) | 145 (36%) | 92 (33%) | 0·25 | 0·068 | 0·35 | |
| Diabetes | 32 (21%) | 98 (24%) | 89 (31%) | 0·46 | 0·026 | 0·039 | |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 11 (7%) | 48 (12%) | 46 (16%) | 0·12 | 0·0090 | 0·10 | |
| Chronic cardiac disease | 13 (9%) | 51 (13%) | 38 (13%) | 0·19 | 0·14 | 0·77 | |
| Immunosuppression | 12 (8%) | 35 (9%) | 34 (12%) | 0·80 | 0·19 | 0·15 | |
| Gastrointestinal or pancreatic comorbidity | 12 (8%) | 34 (8%) | 24 (9%) | 0·87 | 0·86 | 0·98 | |
| Chronic neurological disease | 9 (6%) | 24 (6%) | 27 (10%) | 0·98 | 0·20 | 0·078 | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 7 (5%) | 27 (7%) | 25 (9%) | 0·38 | 0·12 | 0·30 | |
| Current smoker | 11 (7%) | 30 (7%) | 18 (6%) | 0·97 | 0·70 | 0·58 | |
| Asthma | 8 (5%) | 24 (6%) | 16 (6%) | 0·78 | 0·89 | 0·87 | |
| Genitourinary disease | 4 (3%) | 18 (5%) | 22 (8%) | 0·34 | 0·033 | 0·069 | |
| Alcoholism* | 10 (7%) | 19 (5%) | 9 (3%) | 0·36 | 0·092 | 0·32 | |
| Mild chronic liver disease | 5 (3%) | 13 (3%) | 15 (5%) | 0·95 | 0·35 | 0·18 | |
| Treatment during hospital admission | |||||||
| Corticosteroids | 143 (97%) | 389 (97%) | 275 (98%) | 0·66 | 0·70 | 0·31 | |
| Tocilizumab | 29 (20%) | 88 (22%) | 70 (25%) | 0·56 | 0·22 | 0·37 | |
| Remdesivir | 29 (20%) | 87 (22%) | 39 (14%) | 0·60 | 0·12 | 0·0095 | |
| Lopinavir or ritonavir | 4 (3%) | 53 (13%) | 29 (10%) | 0·0003 | 0·0050 | 0·25 | |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 1 (1%) | 45 (11%) | 24 (9%) | <0·0001 | 0·0010 | 0·25 | |
| Interferon beta | 0 | 24 (6%) | 15 (5%) | 0·0024 | 0·0043 | 0·72 | |
| Complications | |||||||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 81 (54%) | 318 (79%) | 266 (94%) | <0·0001 | <0·0001 | <0·0001 | |
| Hyperglycaemia | 86 (59%) | 282 (70%) | 205 (73%) | 0·011 | 0·0023 | 0·40 | |
| Secondary infection | 47 (32%) | 208 (52%) | 180 (65%) | <0·0001 | <0·0001 | 0·0009 | |
| Anaemia | 57 (39%) | 199 (49%) | 182 (65%) | 0·027 | <0·0001 | <0·0001 | |
| Acute kidney injury | 34 (23%) | 126 (31%) | 116 (41%) | 0·063 | 0·0002 | 0·0078 | |
| Acute liver failure | 33 (22%) | 85 (21%) | 78 (28%) | 0·73 | 0·23 | 0·044 | |
| Renal replacement therapy | 6 (4%) | 32 (8%) | 37 (13%) | 0·11 | 0·0030 | 0·029 | |
| Pulmonary thromboembolism | 14 (10%) | 20 (5%) | 21 (8%) | 0·062 | 0·51 | 0·18 | |
| Hypoglycaemia | 6 (4%) | 27 (7%) | 23 (8%) | 0·25 | 0·11 | 0·47 | |
| Bleeding | 7 (5%) | 25 (6%) | 18 (6%) | 0·52 | 0·50 | 0·92 | |
| Outcomes by 90 days after ICU admission | |||||||
| Deaths | 26 (17%) | 106 (26%) | 148 (52%) | 0·028 | <0·0001 | <0·0001 | |
| Time outside ICU among survivors, days | 82 (77–85) | 77 (64–82) | 64 (43–76) | <0·0001 | <0·0001 | <0·0001 | |
| Time outside hospital among survivors, days | 72 (60–78) | 65 (47–73) | 48 (19–64) | <0·0001 | <0·0001 | <0·0001 | |
Data are median (IQR) or n (%) unless otherwise stated. p values were calculated using the Kruskal–Wallis test with Bonferroni post-hoc test adjustment for continuous variables, and χ2 test for categorical variables. Data were missing for haemoglobin (n=36), hydroxychloroquine (n=4), lopinavir or ritonavir (n=4), remdesivir (n=4), corticosteroids (n=5), tocilizumab (n=4), interferon beta (n=4), invasive mechanical ventilation (n=1), renal replacement therapy (n=3), pulmonary thromboembolism (n=35), acute liver failure (n=5), acute kidney injury (n=4), secondary infection (n=14), hyperglycaemia (n=5), hypoglycaemia (n=4), bleeding (n=4), and anaemia (n=4). N1=SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid region. ICU=intensive care unit. SOFA=Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. PaO2=arterial oxygen partial pressure. FiO2=fractional inspired oxygen.
Alcoholism was defined as a mantained excessive alcohol consumption (>4 drinks per day for women or >5 drinks per day for men) in the 6 months before COVID-19 symptoms.