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. 2023 Apr 25;2(4):pgad085. doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad085

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

NND-related behavioral changes in DPE mice. A) The experimental design, showing pesticide exposures in the dam (3 mg/kg every 3 days) for 2 weeks preconception, then throughout pregnancy and lactation. Time points for testing of offspring are shown. B) DPE male pups produced fewer USVs than controls, while female pups were unaffected by DPE. C) DPE mice (N = 14) showed more repetitive digging than controls (N = 19) in a marble-burying test. D) DPE male mice (N = 14) performed more repetitive self-grooming than controls (N = 19) in a novel cage observation. E) DPE male mice (N = 15) showed no difference from controls (N = 18) on within-session fear acquisition. F) Following classic fear conditioning, DPE male mice (N = 15) showed less freezing than controls (N = 18) in the fear recall test. G) DPE male mice (N = 15) were less likely than controls (N = 17) to acquire the operant conditioning response to nose poke for food after 7 days of training. Error bars are SEM. *P < 0.05 by t test (B–F) or χ2 (G).