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. 2023 Feb 20;7(4):642–656. doi: 10.1038/s41562-023-01530-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Meta-analytic family and SNP-based heritability (h²) of NDDs and shared environmental influences (c²) and non-shared environmental influences (e²) on variation in NDDs. The number preceding each bar on the y axis denotes the number of studies identified that provided estimates for specific NDDs. The error bars signify standard errors of the grand estimates of heritability and environmental influences. The results for c² and e² are discussed in Supplementary Note 1.