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. 2023 Feb 20;7(4):642–656. doi: 10.1038/s41562-023-01530-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a,b, Age-related differences in family-based heritability (h²) and shared (c²) and non-shared (e²) environmental influences on NDDs (a) and SNP heritability (b). Developmental stages include childhood (4–7 years), middle childhood (8–10 years) and adolescence (11–24 years). The error bars represent standard errors of grand estimates of heritability and environmental influences. The number located near each point estimate denotes the number of studies identified that provided estimates for specific developmental stages. For intellectual disabilities and motor disorders, we could not identify a sufficient number of studies (>1) reporting age-dependent estimates, and we were consequently unable to derive meta-analytic estimates. The results for age-stratified c², e², r_C and r_E are reported in Supplementary Note 1.