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. 2023 Feb 20;7(4):642–656. doi: 10.1038/s41562-023-01530-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — a, Differences in family-based heritability (h²) and shared environmental (c²) and non-shared environmental (e²) influences across all NDDs. b, Geographical differences in the genetic (r_A), shared environmental (r_C) and non-shared environmental (r_E) overlap between NDDs. The areas shaded in grey are regions for which not enough relevant studies were identified (<2 studies). Geographical differences in r_A, r_C and r_E between NDDs and DICCs are presented in Supplementary Fig. 28. The results for c² and e² as well as r_C and r_E are discussed in Supplementary Note 1.