Table 1.
Characteristics of studies included (N = 64) for meta-analysis
| Study | Smoking categories | Reported outcome | Continent/country | Study type | Years | Pts. no | Mean/median age | Pathological stage | Pathological grade | Adjuvant therapy | Follow-up (months) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abufaraj et al. (2017) | Never, former, current | HR | EU, USA | R | NR | 827 | 67 | Ta 56; T1 41.8; Tis 2.2 | G1 23.6; G2 32.3; G3 44.1 | BCG 16.3; CHT 2.7 | 55 |
| Adamkiewicz et al. (2021) | Smoking history (yes/no) | HR | EU | R | NR-2020 | 125 | 69 | Ta 42.4; T1 57.6 | LG 55; HG 45 | BCG 100 | 22–24 |
| Ajili et al. (2012) | Smoker or nonsmoker | HR, raw values | AFR | R | 2000–2007 | 112 | 63.9 | Ta 60.7; T1 39.3 | G1 39.2; G2 43.8; G3 17 | BCG 100 | 30 |
| Allard et al. (1995) | Never, former, current | HR, raw values | CA | P | 1990–1992 | 368 | 65 | Ta 78.8; T1 21.2 | G1 32.2; G2 53.8; G3 12 | BCG 17.4; CHT 2.2 | 23.7 |
| Blute et al. (2017) | Smoking history (yes/no) | HR | USA | R | 2000–2014 | 727 | 69.8 | Ta 70.7; T1 23.5; Tis 5.8 | LG 49; HG 51 | BCG 40.1; CHT 8.1 | 44.4 |
| Cao et al. 2016) | Never, former, current | HR, raw values | AS, EU | R | 2008–2013 | 242 | 64 | Ta 57; T1 43 | LG 61.2; HG 38.8 | BCG 0; CHT 100 | 21 |
| Cantiello et al. (2018) | Never, former, current | HR | EU, USA | R | 2002–2012 | 1155 | 71 | T1 100 | HG 100 | BCG 100 | 48 |
| Carta et al. (2018) | Never, former, current | Raw values | EU | R | 1997–2000 | 160 | NR | NR | LG 25.6; HG 74.4 | BCG NR, CHT NR | 55.6 |
| Chen et al. (2008) | Nonsmokers, former, quitters, continued smokers | HR, raw values | AS | R | 1997–2005 | 413 | 67 | Ta 58.4; T1 41.6 | LG 71; HG 29 | BCG 16; CHT 56.9; BCG/CHT 20.6 | 36 |
| Cheng et al. (2021) | Smoking history (yes/no) | HR | AS | R | 2013–2017 | 314 | 65 | Ta 56; T1 44 | LG 33.3; HG 66.7 | BCG or CHT 16.2 | 48 |
| Cheng et al. (1999) | Never, former, current | Raw values | USA | R | 1987–1992 | 83 | 71 | T1 100 | LG 34; HG 66 | BCG 13.2; CHT 19.7 | 62.4 |
| D’Andrea et al. (2017) | Nonsmoker, ever-smoker | HR | EU, USA, CA | R | NR | 918 | 66–67 | Ta 60.5; T1 39.5 | G1 20; G2 36.8; G3 43.2 | CHT 4.3; BCG 12.9 | 62 |
| Abd Elwahab et al. (2021) | Smoker or nonsmoker | Raw values | AFR | P | 2013–2020 | 65 | 61.5 | T1 100 | G3 100 | BCG 100 | 60 |
| Favilla et al. (2016) | Never, former, current | HR | EU | P | 2008–2014 | 178 | 69.3 | Ta 77.5; T1 22.5 | LG 70.8; HG 29.2 | BCG 10.7; CHT 73 | 53 |
| Zhu et al. (2019) | Smoker or nonsmoker | Raw values | AS | P | 2017–2018 | 95 | 65 | Ta 70; T1 25; Tis 5 | LG 39; HG 61 | BCG NR, CHT NR | 18 |
| Ferro et al. (2020) | Smoking status (current/former), never | HR | EU | R | 2002–2012 | 1172 | 70.3 | T1 100 | HG 100 | BCG 100 | 47 |
| Fukuokaya et al. (2020) | Smoking history (yes/no) | HR | AS | R | 2002–2018 | 582 | 73 | Ta 60; T1 36.9; Tis 2.9 | G1 6.3; G2 46.5; G3 47.2 | BCG 23.4 | 41.3 |
| Gangawar et al. (2010) | nonsmokers (never), smokers, chewers | HR, raw values | AS | R | 2006–2008 | 135 | 58 | NR | G1 50.4; G2/G3 49.6 | BCG 54.8; MMC 10.4 | 14 |
| Garczyk et al. (2021) | Never, former, current | HR, raw values | EU | R | 2008–2014 | 128 | 66 | Tis 19; Tis/TaT1 81 | HG 100 | BCG 70 | 66 |
| Garg et al. (2020) | Never, ever | HR | USA | R | 2003–2015 | 1485 | 73.5 | Ta 67.4; T1 26.3; Tis 5 | LG 47.5; HG 52.5 | BCG NR, CHT NR | 70.8 |
| Gee et al. (2009) | Current smoker, history of smoking | HR | USA | R | 1991–2003 | 43 | NR | Ta 9; Tis 84 | HG 100 | BCG 100 | 60 |
| Grotenhuis et al. (2014) | Never, ever | HR, raw values | EU | R | NR | 1269 | 64 | Ta 68; T1 26; Tis 4 | LG 61; HG 38 | BCG 20; CHT 31 | 60 |
| Hensley et al. (2021) | Never, ever | HR | USA | R | 2000–2018 | 518 | 66–69, NR | Ta 45; T1 47.5; Tis NR | LG 11; HG 89 | BCG 100 | 50 |
| Jobczyk et al.(2020) | Smoker or nonsmoker | HR | EU, USA | R | NR | 389 | 68 | Ta 63; Tis 3; T1 34 | G1 54; G2 35; G3 11 | BCG 29 | 48 |
| Huang et al.(2021) | Smoking history (yes/no) | HR | AS | R | 2011–2015 | 88 | 64.5 | Ta 72.7; T1 27.3 | LG 60.2; HG 39.8 | BCG NR, CHT NR | 60 |
| Hwang et al.(2011) | Smoker or nonsmoker | HR | AS | R | 2000–2010 | 251 | 67 | Ta 64; T1 36 | PUNLMP 5.6; LG 62.5; HG 32 | BCG 51; Epirubicin 14 | 34 |
| Kang et al.(2014) | Smoker (prior/current) or nonsmoker | Raw values | AS, USA | R | 1992–2009 | 135 | 65 | Ta 31.9; T1 68.1 | G1 23.7; G2 59.3; G3 17 | BCG 100 | 66.7 |
| Khan et al.(2014) | History of smoking vs never | Raw values | AS | R | 2008–2012 | 64 | 59.9 | NR | HG 100 | BCG 100 | 28.4 |
| Kim et al.(2018) | Smoking status (current/former), never | Raw values | AS | R | 1999–2014 | 64 | NR | Tis 100 | HG 100 | BCG 100 | NR |
| Kimura et al.(2018) | Never, former, current | HR | AS, EU, USA, CA | R | NR | 1117 | 67 | Ta 58; T1 40; Tis 2 | G1 21; G2 35; G3 44 | BCG 39.7; CHT 4 | 64 |
| Kobayashi et al.(2014) | Never, former, current | HR, raw values | AS | R | 1986–2016 | 190 | 62.9 | Ta 100 | LG 100 | BCG 37.4; MMC 6.3 | 101.5 |
| Kufukihara et al.(2021) | Never, former, current | HR | AS | R | 1999–2017 | 1097 | NR | Ta 70; T1 30 | G1 6; G2 54; G3 40 | BCG 41 | 60 |
| Lacombe et al.(2016) | Never, former, current | HR, raw values | CA | P | 1990–1992 | 189 | 62.8 | Ta 77.2; T1 22.8 | LG 31.2; HG 68.8 | BCG 100 | 67.2 |
| Lammers et al. (2011) | Never, former/current | HR | EU | P | 1998–2004 | 718 | 66.5 | Ta 78.7; T1 21.3 | G1 42.1; G2 47; G3 10.9 | BCG NR; CHT 100 | 30 |
| Li et al. (2017) | Never, former, current | HR, raw values | AS | R | 2007–2015 | 484 | 64 | Ta 83.5; T1 16.5 | G1 18.8; G2 65.3; G3 15.9 | CHT 71.7, BCG NR | 25 |
| Li et al. (2020) | Smoking (yes/no) | HR | AS | R | 2013–2017 | 115 | 64.5 | Ta 100 | PUNLMP 37; LG 37; HG 35 | CHT 100 | 24 |
| Li et al. (2020) | Smoking history (yes/no) | HR | AS | R | 2012–2015 | 206 | 62 | Ta 70.4; Tis 3.9; T1 25.7 | PUNLMP 8.2; LG 64.6; HG 27.2 | BCG NR, CHT NR | 42 |
| Lu et al. (2019) | Never, former, current | HR | AS | R | 2012–2016 | 477 | 64 | Ta 75.3; T1 24.7 | G1 67; G2 22; G3 11 | BCG NR | NR |
| Lunney et al. (2019) | Never, former, current | Raw values | USA | R | 2010–2016 | 70 | 65 | Ta 58.6; T1 28.6; Tis 9 | LG 44; HG 56 | BCG NR | 31.7 |
| Mano et al. (2015) | Smoking history (former/current vs never) | HR | AS | R | 2003–2010 | 122 | 68 | Ta 43; T1 57 | G1G2 39; G3 61 | BCG 50; CHT 25 | 40 |
| Matulewicz et al. (2021) | Never, former, current | HR | USA, CA | R | 2014–2020 | 723 | NR | NR-AUA risk groups | NR | BCG 56.6; CHT 17 | 23.9 |
| Mbeutcha et al. (2016) | Never, former, current | HR | EU, USA, CA | R | 1996–2007 | 1117 | 67 | Ta 60.3; T1 39.7 | G1 20.7; G2 35.6; G3 43.7 | BCG 26.9; CHT 4; | 64 |
| Nowak et al. (2021) | Never, former, current | HR | EU | R | 2001–2019 | 590 | 66.9 | T1 100 | G3 100 | BCG 100 | 40 |
| Mitrakas et al. (2019) | Never, former, current | Raw values | EU | R | NR | 80 | 67.5 | Ta 18.8; T1 81.2 | HG 100 | BCG 100 | 62.7 |
| Ogihara et al. (2016) | Smoking history (yes/no) | Raw values | AS | R | 1995–2012 | 634 | 68.5 | Ta 68.3; T1 31.7 | G1G2 62.7; G3 37.3 | BCG 45.6 | 68.1 |
| Ogihara et al. (2016) | Never, former, current | HR, raw values | AS | R | 1995–2013 | 605 | 68 | Ta 68.3; T1 31.7 | LG 60.7; HG 39.3 | BCG 47.8 | 68.8 |
| Osch et al. (2018) | Never, former, current | HR, raw values | EU | R | 2006–2011 | 210 | 71 | Ta 66; T1 33; Tis 1 | G1 30; G2 36; G3 34 | BCG NR; CHT NR | 4.21 |
| Özyalvaçlı et al. (2015) | Smoking (yes/no) | Raw values | AS | R | 2008–2013 | 722 | 67.5 | T1 100 | HG 100 | BCG 34 | 24.2 |
| Rink et al. (2012) | Never, former, current | HR | EU, USA, CA | R | 1987–2007 | 2043 | 67 | Ta 61; T1 39 | G1 23.6; G2 33.8; G3 42.6 | BCG 16.1; CHT 3.8 | 49 |
| Sawazaki et al. (2021) | Smoking history (yes/no) | HR | AS | R | 2014–2018 | 75 | 74.7 | Ta 38.6; T1 57.3; Tis 4 | LG 66.7; HG 33.3 | BCG 30.6 | 37 |
| Serretta et al. (2013) | Never, former/current | HR, event rate | EU | R | 2002–2003 | 395 | 68 | Ta 36.5; T1 63.5 | G1 35.9; G2 64.1 | CHT 100 | 48 |
| Sfakianos et al. (2011) | Never, former, current | HR | USA | R | 1994–2008 | 623 | 76 | Ta 35.2; T1 34.5; Tis 30.3 | LG 9.6; G3 90.4 | BCG 100 | 80.9 |
| Shen et al. (2016) | Smoking history (never vs former/current) | HR | AS | R | 2005–2011 | 318 | 65 | T1 100 | LG 48.8; HG 49.5; unk 1.7 | BCG 0; CHT 96.2 | 53.5 |
| Soria et al. (2018) | Never, former, current | HR | EU, AS, USA | R | 1996–2007 | 1117 | 68 | Ta 58; Tis 2; T1 40 | G1 20; G2 36; G3 44 | BCG 27; CHT 4 | 62.7 |
| Shiota et al. (2017) | Never, former/current | HR | AS | R | 2010–2013 | 228 | 70 | Ta 68.9; T1 21.9; Tis 9.2 | LG 44.3; HG 55.7 | BCG 29.8; CHT 47.8 | 3.6 |
| Temiz et al. (2021) | Never, former, current | Event rate | AS | R | 2015–2018 | 53 | 67 | Ta 41.5; T1 56.6; Tis 1.9 | LG 17; HG 83 | BCG 100 | 11.5 |
| Ucpinar et al. (2019) | Never, former, current | HR, raw values | AS | R | 2015–2018 | 231 | 64 | NR | NR | BGC NR | 24 |
| Wang et al. (2020) | Smoking (yes/no) | HR | AS | R | 2010–2014 | 606 | 70 | Ta 61.7; T1 29.4; Tis 8.9 | G1 18.6; G2 55; G3 26.4 | BCG 19.2; CHT 13 | 44.5 |
| Wyszynski et al. (2014) | Never, former, current | HR | AFR, EU | R | 1994–2001 | 726 | NR | TaT1 94; Tis 6 | LG 74; HG 26 | BCG NR | 72 |
| Yang et al. (2021) | Smoking history (Never vs former/current) | HR | AS | R | 2014–2018 | 235 | 66 | Ta 81.7; T1 18.3 | LG 57; HG 43 | BCG NR | 42 |
| Yonekura et al. (2019) | Never, former, current | HR | AS | R | 2011–2015 | 40 | 73 | Ta/Tis 75; T1 25 | LG 65.0; HG 35 | BCG 7.5 | 37.9 |
| Yuruk et al. (2017) | Never, former, current | Raw values | AS | R | 2005–2012 | 212 | 64.7 | Ta 50.3; T1 49.7 | LG 59.9; HG 40.1 | BCG 3.8; CHT 42.8 | 32 |
| Zeng et al. (2020) | Smoking (yes/no) | Raw values | AS | R | 2017–2019 | 40 | 65 | Ta 72.5; T1 27.5 | PUNLMP 25; LG 40; HG 35 | BCG NR; CHT 67.5 | 12 |
| Zhao et al. (2021) | Smoking history (yes/no) | HR | AS | R | 2011–2015 | 104 | 63.2 | Ta 71.3; T1 28.7 | LG 61.7; HG 38.3 | BCG NR | 43.6 |
HR hazard ratio, P prospective study, R retrospective study, NR not reported, LG low-grade, HG high-grade, PUNLMP papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential, BCG Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, CHT intravesical chemotherapy, MMC mitomycin, EU Europe, AS Asia, AFR Africa, USA Unites States of America, CA Canada