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. 2023 Apr 8;9(4):e15330. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15330

Table 4.

Summary of the reaction conditions for layered metal hydroxides catalysed FAME production with various feedstock.

Catalysts Feedstock Reaction conditions
Yield (%)
Catalyst (wt%) MeOH:oil Temp (°C) Time (min)
Zinc hydroxide nitrate (From this work) Soybean oil 3 30:1 100 120 37.5
3 30:1 140 120 43.8
10 30:1 140 120 98.9
10% oleic acid/soybean oil 3 30:1 140 120 97.8
3 30:1 120 120 95.4
3a 30:1 100 120 96.7
Zinc hydroxide nitrate [15] Soybean oil 3 30:1 100 120 51.5
3 30:1 140 120 76.8
Zinc hydroxide nitrate [8] Lauric acid 4 4:1 140 120 96.2
6 2:1 140 120 95.6
6 6:1 140 120 95.7
Palm oil 6 48:1 150 120 95.7
Zinc hydroxide nitrate [6] Triacetin 5 29:1 50 180 70.0
Calcined Mg-Al hydrotalcite [25] Soybean oil 0.04 50:1 200 4 95.9
Calcined-rehydrated Mg-Al hydrotalcite [26] Sunflower oil 10 12:1 60 2 56
Calcined Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite [27] Microalgae oil 3 6:1 65 5 90
Calcined hydrotalcites
MgO-Al (from Mg(NO3)2)
MgO-Al (from Mg(OH)2)
MgO-Al (from (MgCO3)4*Mg(OH)2) [28]
Soybean oil 5 12:1 200 60 96.0
5 12:1 200 60 95.0
5 12:1 200 60 80.0
5 12:1 200 60 99.0
Mg-Al hydrotalcites [29] Tributyrin 0.6 30:1 60 1200 82.0
Mg-Al hydrotalcites [30] Refined rape oil 1.5 6:1 65 240 90.5
Mg-Al hydrotalcites [31] Tributyrin 1.7 30:1 60 180 74.8
Mg-Al hydrotalcites [32] Soybean oil 7.5 15:1 60 540 66.0
Mg-Al hydrotalcites [33] Anhydrous poultry fat 10 6:1 120 2640 76.0
10 15:1 120 900 80.0
10 30:1 120 420 82.0
10 60:1 120 180 84.0
10 60:1 120 360 94.0
K-Mg-Al hydrotalcites [34] Palm oil 7.5 30:1 100 360 96.9
Mg-Al-NO3 hydrotalcites
Zn-Mg-Al-NO3 hydrotalcites [35]
Soybean oil 5 55:1 130 420 70.0
5 55:1 130 420 64.0
Mg-Al-CO3 hydrotalcites [36] Cottonseed oil 1 6:1 200 540 80.0
Mg-Al hydrotalcites [37] Canola oil 3 6:1 60 540 71.9
Mg-Ca oxides [38] Sunflower oil 2.5 12:1 60 180 95.0
Li-Al LDH [39] Tributyrin 3 30:1 65 180 98.0
Soybean oil 1 15:1 65 120 83.1