Table 4.
Summary of the reaction conditions for layered metal hydroxides catalysed FAME production with various feedstock.
| Catalysts | Feedstock | Reaction conditions |
Yield (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalyst (wt%) | MeOH:oil | Temp (°C) | Time (min) | |||
| Zinc hydroxide nitrate (From this work) | Soybean oil | 3 | 30:1 | 100 | 120 | 37.5 |
| 3 | 30:1 | 140 | 120 | 43.8 | ||
| 10 | 30:1 | 140 | 120 | 98.9 | ||
| 10% oleic acid/soybean oil | 3 | 30:1 | 140 | 120 | 97.8 | |
| 3 | 30:1 | 120 | 120 | 95.4 | ||
| 3a | 30:1 | 100 | 120 | 96.7 | ||
| Zinc hydroxide nitrate [15] | Soybean oil | 3 | 30:1 | 100 | 120 | 51.5 |
| 3 | 30:1 | 140 | 120 | 76.8 | ||
| Zinc hydroxide nitrate [8] | Lauric acid | 4 | 4:1 | 140 | 120 | 96.2 |
| 6 | 2:1 | 140 | 120 | 95.6 | ||
| 6 | 6:1 | 140 | 120 | 95.7 | ||
| Palm oil | 6 | 48:1 | 150 | 120 | 95.7 | |
| Zinc hydroxide nitrate [6] | Triacetin | 5 | 29:1 | 50 | 180 | 70.0 |
| Calcined Mg-Al hydrotalcite [25] | Soybean oil | 0.04 | 50:1 | 200 | 4 | 95.9 |
| Calcined-rehydrated Mg-Al hydrotalcite [26] | Sunflower oil | 10 | 12:1 | 60 | 2 | 56 |
| Calcined Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite [27] | Microalgae oil | 3 | 6:1 | 65 | 5 | 90 |
| Calcined hydrotalcites MgO-Al (from Mg(NO3)2) MgO-Al (from Mg(OH)2) MgO-Al (from (MgCO3)4*Mg(OH)2) [28] |
Soybean oil | 5 | 12:1 | 200 | 60 | 96.0 |
| 5 | 12:1 | 200 | 60 | 95.0 | ||
| 5 | 12:1 | 200 | 60 | 80.0 | ||
| 5 | 12:1 | 200 | 60 | 99.0 | ||
| Mg-Al hydrotalcites [29] | Tributyrin | 0.6 | 30:1 | 60 | 1200 | 82.0 |
| Mg-Al hydrotalcites [30] | Refined rape oil | 1.5 | 6:1 | 65 | 240 | 90.5 |
| Mg-Al hydrotalcites [31] | Tributyrin | 1.7 | 30:1 | 60 | 180 | 74.8 |
| Mg-Al hydrotalcites [32] | Soybean oil | 7.5 | 15:1 | 60 | 540 | 66.0 |
| Mg-Al hydrotalcites [33] | Anhydrous poultry fat | 10 | 6:1 | 120 | 2640 | 76.0 |
| 10 | 15:1 | 120 | 900 | 80.0 | ||
| 10 | 30:1 | 120 | 420 | 82.0 | ||
| 10 | 60:1 | 120 | 180 | 84.0 | ||
| 10 | 60:1 | 120 | 360 | 94.0 | ||
| K-Mg-Al hydrotalcites [34] | Palm oil | 7.5 | 30:1 | 100 | 360 | 96.9 |
| Mg-Al-NO3 hydrotalcites Zn-Mg-Al-NO3 hydrotalcites [35] |
Soybean oil | 5 | 55:1 | 130 | 420 | 70.0 |
| 5 | 55:1 | 130 | 420 | 64.0 | ||
| Mg-Al-CO3 hydrotalcites [36] | Cottonseed oil | 1 | 6:1 | 200 | 540 | 80.0 |
| Mg-Al hydrotalcites [37] | Canola oil | 3 | 6:1 | 60 | 540 | 71.9 |
| Mg-Ca oxides [38] | Sunflower oil | 2.5 | 12:1 | 60 | 180 | 95.0 |
| Li-Al LDH [39] | Tributyrin | 3 | 30:1 | 65 | 180 | 98.0 |
| Soybean oil | 1 | 15:1 | 65 | 120 | 83.1 | |