Table 2.

The measurement of learning performance and experience.

Construct	Variables	Definition	Instrument
Learning performance	Test score	Score received in a 10-item multiple-choice test	Knowledge test
	Assignment score	Mind map quality rating based on the four evaluation criteria	Mind map
Learning experience	Behavioral engagement	Behavioral participation in pre-class activities and in-class collaboration	LEQ
	Affective engagement	Mean rating of emotion and attitude towards pre- and in-class phases	LEQ
	Cognitive engagement	Mean rating of all items in this sub-scale of engagement	LEQ
	Deep engagement	Perceived engagement in higher-order thinking activities
	Shallow engagement	Perceived engagement in recall and comprehension activities
	Learning satisfaction	Students' evaluation of their flipped learning experience	LEQ

Note: LEQ: learning experience questionnaire.