Table 4.
Comparison of means, and their change per item of the Self-efficacy scale between countries (N = 100).
| Item | Germany training (n = 18) | Portugal training (n = 32) | Turkey training (n = 39) | Norway training (n = 11) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean score after training (±SD) | Mean Changea | Mean score after training (±SD) | Mean Changea | Mean score after training (±SD) | Mean Changea | Mean score after training (±SD) | Mean Changea | |
| 1. I can always manage to solve difficult problems if I try hard enough. | 3.278 (±0.46) | +0.23 | 3.469 (±067) | +0.12 | 3.667 (±0.53) | +0.18 | 3.4 (±0.52) | +0.23 |
| 2. If someone opposes me, I can find the means and ways to get what I want. | 3.056 (±0.54) | +0.39 | 3.313 (±0.86) | +0.29 | 3.667 (±0.58) | +0.52 | 3.200 (±0.42) | +0.12 |
| 3. It is easy for me to stick to my aims and accomplish my goals. | 3.222 (±0.55) | +0.55 | 3.594 (±0.56) | +0.30 | 3.718 (±0.51) | +0.40 | 3.200 (±0.42) | −0.05 |
| 4. I am confident that I could deal efficiently with unexpected events. | 3.278 (±0.46) | +0.23 | 3.594 (±0.56) | +0.27 | 3.692 (±0.52) | +0.42 | 3.400 (±0.70) | −0.02 |
| 5. Thanks to my resourcefulness, I know how to handle unforeseen situations. | 3.222 (±0.55) | +0.41 | 3.656 (±0.55) | +0.03 | 3.590 (±0.59) | +0.29 | 3.600 (±0.70) | +0.18 |
| 6. I can solve most problems if I invest the necessary effort. | 3.389 (±0.50) | +0.29 | 3.742 (±0.51) | +0.41 | 3.821 (±0.39) | +0.36 | 3.400 (±0.52) | +0.10 |
| 7. I can remain calm when facing difficulties because I can rely on my coping abilities. | 3.167 (±0.51) | +0.26 | 3.719 (±0.52) | +0.42 | 3.718 (±0.56) | +0.40 | 3.500 (±0.53) | 0.003 |
| 8. When I am confronted with a problem, I can usually find several solutions. | 3.278 (±0.46) | +0.33 | 3.719 (±0.52) | +0.34 | 3.692 (±0.53) | +0.18 | 3.400 (±0.52) | +0.07 |
| 9. If I am in trouble, I can usually think of a solution. | 3.167 (±0.38) | +0.31 | 3.75 (±0.51) | +0.39 | 3.744 (±0.49) | +0.26 | 3.600 (±0.52) | +0.27 |
| 10. I can usually handle whatever comes my way. | 3.167 (±0.62) | +0.12 | 3.688 (±0.54) | +0.45 | 3.538 (±0.64) | +0.27 | 3.333 (±0.50) | +0.17 |
aChange in mean score was computed by subtracting the mean score prior to training from the one after the training. bScale is 1–4 for all questions.