Table 3.
Carbohydrate knowledge comparisons between endurance athletes with (n = 137) and without (n = 64) reported exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms for 15 food and drink items classified as either carbohydrate or non-carbohydrate choices analyzed with Chi-squared comparison and post-hoc Bonferroni adjustment.
| Foods and Drinks choices | Athletes with Ex-GISc | Athletes without Ex-GIS | Group differences | Total response for CHOa, n (%) | Total response for non-CHOb, n (%) | Association between CHO or non-CHO choice, athletes with Ex-GIS χ2 (p) | Total response for non-CHO, n (%) | Total response for CHO, n (%) | Association between CHO or non-CHO choice, athletes without Ex-GIS χ2 (p) | Association between groups with and without Ex-GIS, CHO or non-CHO choices χ2 (p) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbohydrate foods | ||||||||||||||
| 2 slices of wholemeal bread | 137 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (1) | 64 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (1) | 0 (1) | |||||||
| 1 cup of raw rolled oats | 137 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0.2) | 61 (95) | 3 (5) | 1.4 (0.1) | 6.5 (0.01)† | |||||||
| 1 cup cooked pasta | 137 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (1) | 64 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (1) | 0 (1) | |||||||
| 1 medium baked potato | 136 (99) | 1 (1) | 0.1 (0.7) | 64 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0.6) | 0.5 (0.5) | |||||||
| 1 cup cooked white rice | 136 (99) | 1 (1) | 0.1 (0.7) | 64 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0.6) | 0.5 (0.5) | |||||||
| 2 wheat biscuits (e.g., Weetbix) | 133 (97) | 4 (3) | 0 (1) | 62 (97) | 2 (3) | 0 (1) | 0 (1) | |||||||
| 1 large banana | 128 (93) | 9 (7) | 5.3 (0.1) | 50 (78) | 14 (22) | 4 (0.01)† | 10.1 (0.001)† | |||||||
| 300 ml of sports drink (e.g., Gatorade) | 126 (92) | 11 (8) | 2.2 (0.2) | 52 (81) | 12 (19) | 2.3 (0.1) | 5 (0.1) | |||||||
| 300 ml soft drink/ soda (e.g., cola) | 106 (77) | 31 (23) | 0 (1) | 49 (77) | 15 (23) | 0 (1) | 0 (1) | |||||||
| Non-carbohydrate foods | ||||||||||||||
| 100 g baked salmon | 1 (1) | 136 (99) | 0.1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 64 (100) | 0 (0.6) | 0.5 (0.5) | |||||||
| 100 g grilled chicken | 5 (4) | 132 (96) | 0.1 (0.8) | 3 (5) | 61 (95) | 0.1 (0.7) | 0.1 (0.7) | |||||||
| 2 boiled eggs | 11 (8) | 126 (92) | 0.2 (0.6) | 3 (5) | 61 (95) | 0.8 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.4) | |||||||
| 1/2 a large avocado | 14 (10) | 123 (90) | 0.2 (0.6) | 4 (6) | 60 (94) | 0.8 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.4) | |||||||
| 4 large leaves of iceberg lettuce | 24 (18) | 113 (82) | 0 (1) | 12 (19) | 52 (81) | 0 (0.9) | 0.1 (0.8) | |||||||
| 1 cup raw broccoli | 42 (31) | 95 (69) | 0.3 (0.6) | 15 (23) | 49 (77) | 0.8 (0.4) | 1.1 (0.3) | |||||||
a
CHO, carbohydrate.
b
non-CHO, non-carbohydrate.
c
Ex-GIS, exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms.
g, grams; mL, milliliter; n, number; p, probability value; χ2 chi-square statistic; % Percentage,
†
p < 0.05 significant after post-hoc Bonferroni adjustment.