Fig. 5.

The in vitro vascularization and osteogenesis. a) Schematic demonstration of the co-culture of macrophages in IL-4 released medium from the immuno-functionalized 3D scaffolds and the subsequent induction of vascularization for HUVEC cells or osteogenesis for rBMSCs using the supernatant from the macrophage co-culture. Relative mRNA expressions of b) ANG1, c) bFGF2, d) eNOS3, e) VEGFA, and f) VEGFC vascular marker genes in HUVECs. g) Fluorescence intensities of the CD31 vascular marker and h) confocal images of HUVECs stained immunofluorescent with CD31 (pink), F-actin (red), vinculin (green), and nuclei (blue: DAPI) after co-culture with macrophage supernatant. Relative mRNA expressions of i) OPN, j) OCN, k) Runx2, and l) OSX osteogenic marker genes in rBMSCs. m) Relative ALP activities, n) fluorescence intensities of Runx2, and o) confocal images of rBMSCs stained with immunofluorescent F-actin (red), Runx2 (green), and nuclei (blue: DAPI) after co-culture with microphage supernatant. (*: p < 0.05).