Fig. 6.

In vivo bone formation of immuno-functionalized scaffolds. a) Schematic demonstration of bone injury microenvironment and cells that will interact with immuno-3D scaffolds after implantation. The photographs of b) initial in vivo implantation into the rat calvarial defect and harvest after 4 weeks implantation in the defect sites viewed from the c) top side and d) interior side. e) Micro-CT reconstruction images of the empty rat calvarial defect control and the defects implanted with various scaffolds after 4 weeks of implantation. Quantitative analysis of f) new bone area, g) BV/TV ratio, h) bone mineral density (BMD) in these defects. i) Histological H & E staining of various organs harvested from the rats. (*: p < 0.05).