Table 1.
The basic information of BA models in different populations.
| Assessment methods | Researchers | Year | Country | Sample size | Age range | Population | Aging biomarkers (Candidate → Final) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MLR | Hollingsworth et al. | 1965 | Japan | 169 Males 268 Females |
10–70+ years | General population | 17 → 9 |
| MLR | Webster and Logie | 1976 | Australia | 1,080 Females | 21–83 years | General population | 37 → 7 |
| MLR | Takeda et al. | 1982 | Japan | 200 Males | 20–69 years | Healthy population | 10 → 5 |
| MLR | Voitenko and Tokar | 1983 | Soviet Union | 88 Males 109 Females |
19–73 years | General population | 122 → 11 |
| MLR | Dubina et al. | 1984 | Soviet Union | 100 Males 63 Females |
60–100 years | Healthy population | 21 → 3 |
| MLR /PCA | Nakamura et al. | 1988 | Japan | 462 Males | 30–80 years | Healthy population | 30 → 11 |
| PCA | Nakamura et al. | 1989 | Japan | 69 Males | Average 42.6 ± 9.4 years |
Healthy population | 18 → 7 |
| PCA | Nakamura et al. | 1990 | Japan | 65 Females | 20–64 years | Healthy population | 18 → 9 |
| PCA | Nakamura et al. | 1996 | Japan | 221 Males | 20–85 years | Healthy population | 17 → 8 |
| PCA | Nakamura and Miyao |
2003 | Japan | 86 Males | 31–77 years | Healthy population (including some early functional decline or disease) |
25 → 9 |
| PCA | Ueno et al. | 2003 | Japan | 981 Females (cross-sectional study) 110 Females (longitudinal study) |
28–80 years | Healthy population | 31 → 5 |
| PCA | Nakamura and Miyao |
2007 | Japan | 86 Males | 31–77 years | Healthy population (including some early functional decline or disease) |
29 → 5 |
| MLR | Bae et al. | 2008 | Korea | 1,302 Males 2,273 Females |
40–88 years | General population | 80 → 25 |
| PCA | Nakamura and Miyao | 2008 | Japan | 86 Males 93 Females |
31–77 years | Healthy population (including some early functional decline or disease) |
29 → 5 |
| PCA | Park et al. | 2009 | Korea | 1,588 Males | 30–77 years | Healthy population (including some early functional decline or disease) |
11 |
| PCA | Bai et al. | 2010 | China | 392 Males 460 Females |
30–98 years | Healthy population (including some early functional decline or disease) |
108 → 8 |
| MLR/PCA/KDM | Cho et al. | 2010 | Korea | 200 Males | 30–70 years | General population | 16 → 11/3 principal components |
| PCA | Jee et al. | 2012 | Korea | 1,604 Males 760 Females |
30–85 years | Healthy population | 14 → 8 |
| MLR | Bae et al. | 2013 | Korea | 66,168 Males 55,021 Females |
20–89 years | General population | 34 |
| MLR/PCA/KDM | Levine | 2013 | United States | 9,389 People | 30–75 years | NHANES (1988–1994) | 21 → 10 |
| PCA | Zhang et al. | 2014 | China | 505 People | 35–91 years | Healthy population | 114 → 7 |
| PCA | Zhang et al. | 2014 | China | 69 Males 70 Females |
35–91 years | Healthy population | 105 → 6 |
| KDM | Belsky et al. | 2015 | New Zealand | 954 People | 38 years | The Dunedin Study (1972–1973) |
10 |
| KDM | Mitnitski et al. | 2016 | Canada | 1,013 People (61.6% Females) |
Average 80.8 ± 7.2 years |
Canadian Study of Health and Aging (1991–1992) | 22 → 10 |
| DNN | Putin et al. | 2016 | Russia | 62,419 People | 0–100 years | Anonymous population | 41 |
| MLR/PCA/KDM | Jee and Park | 2017 | Korea | 912 Females | 30–80 years | Healthy population | 31 → 8 |
| PCA | Kang et al. | 2017 | Korea | 165,395 Males 98,433 Females |
Average 44.2 ± 10.6 years | Healthy population (including some early functional decline or disease) |
5 |
| PCA | Zhang et al. | 2017 | China | 581 Males 792 Females |
19–93 years | Healthy population | 74 → 5 |
| KDM | Brown et al. | 2018 | United States | 1,356 Males 1,420 Females |
70–79 years | The Health ABC Study (2013.11) |
8 |
| DNN | Mamoshina et al. | 2018 | Korea, Canada, Eastern Europe | 142,379 People | ≥20 years | Anonymous population | 19 |
| KDM | Murabito et al. | 2018 | United States | 2,532–3,417 People | Average 45/62/67 years (Exam 2/7/8) | The Framingham Heart Study Exam 2 (1979–1983) Exam 7 (1998–2001) Exam 8 (2005–2008) |
clinical BA:6 inflammatory BA:9 |
| CNN | Pyrkov et al. | 2018 | United States | 7,454 People (51% Females) |
6–84 years | NHANES (2003–2006) | 1-Week Activity Data |
| KDM | Hastings et al. | 2019 | United States | 6,731 People (52% Males) |
20–84 years | NHANES (1999–2002) | 12 |
| MLR/PCA/KDM | Jee | 2019 | Korea | 940 Males | 30–80 years | Healthy population | 32 → 6 |
| DNN | Mamoshina et al. | 2019 | Canada | 149,000 People | Average 55 years | Anonymous population | 18/20/23(three DNN models) |
| ConvLSTM | Rahman and Adjeroh | 2019 | United States | 7,104 People | 18–84 years | NHANES (2003–2006) | 1-Week Activity Data |
| KDM | Gaydosh et al. | 2020 | China Taiwan | 951 People | Average 67.7 ± 8.3 years | Social Environment and Biomarkers of Aging Study (2000) | 11 |
| KDM | Zuyun Liu et al. | 2020 | China | 8,119 People (53.5% Females) |
20–79 years | China Nutrition and Health Survey (2009) | 27 → 12 |
| KDM | Parker et al. | 2020 | United States | 1,374 People (35% Males) |
71–102 years | Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (1991–1992) | 10 |
| MLR/PCA/KDM | Zhong et al. | 2020 | Singapore | 2,844 People | 55–94 years | Singapore Longitudinal Aging Studies (2008.03–2013.11) | 68 → 8/10(Males/Females) |
| PCA/KDM | Chan et al. | 2021 | UK | 141,254 People | 40–70 years | Healthy population | 110 → 51 principal components |
| DNN | Gialluisi et al. | 2021 | Italy | 23,858 People (51.7% Females) |
Average 55.9 ± 12.0 years | The Moli-Sani Study (2005.03–2010.04) |
36 |
| KDM | Kuo et al. | 2021 | UK | 294,293 People | Average 56.7 ± 8.0 years | UK Biobank (2006–2010) | 7 |
| CNN | Raghu et al. | 2021 | United States | 116,035 People | 40–100 years | General population | Chest X-ray dataset |
| MLR/KDM | Bahour et al. | 2022 | United States | 2,459 People | 20–80 years | Diabetes, pre-diabetes, and NHANES (2017–2018) population | 8 |
| Deep learning | Nusinovici et al. | 2022 | Korea | 40,480 People | ≥65 years | Korean Health Screening study | retinal photos |
MLR, multiple linear regression; PCA, principal component analysis; KDM, Klemera and Doubal’s method; DNN, deep neural networks; CNN, convolutional neural networks; ConvLSTM, deep convolutional long-term memory; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.