Table 3.
The common aging biomarkers of four methods in different systems.
| System | MLR | PCA | KDM | Deep learning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular system | SBP (3, 13, 15, 20, 22, 27, 32, 35, 40) | SBP (3, 15, 18, 19, 23–26, 28, 29, 31, 35, 40) | SBP (3, 33, 35, 37–40, 42, 43, 48) | |
| DBP (27, 32, 45) | DBP (45) | DBP (34, 45) | ||
| Pulse pressure (32) | Pulse pressure (4, 16, 30) | |||
| Mean arterial pressure (36) | ||||
| Pulse (15) | Pulse (15, 18) | |||
| Pulse wave velocity (22) | ||||
| Heart rate (19) | ||||
| Intima-media thickness (10, 30) | ||||
| Minimum intima-media thickness (4, 16) |
||||
| End diastolic velocity (30) | ||||
| mitral valve E/A peak (4, 30) | ||||
| MVEL (30), MVES (16), MVEA (10) | ||||
| Atherosclerosis index (18, 19) | ||||
| NT-proBNP (47) | ||||
| Cardiac troponin I (47) | ||||
| Creatine phosphokinase (32) | ||||
| Homocysteine (32) | ||||
| Respiratory system |
FVC (15, 27, 32, 54) | FVC (15, 18, 19, 23, 24) | FVC (54) | |
| FEV1 (3, 20, 21, 27, 32, 35, 40, 45) | FEV1 (3, 24–26, 28, 29, 31, 35, 40, 45) | FEV1 (3, 33, 35, 37, 38, 40, 45) | ||
| Vital capacity (13, 22) | ||||
| Maximal midexpiratory flow rate 75/25 (16) |
||||
| VO2 max (29, 31) | ||||
| Chest radiography (49) | ||||
| Nervous system | MMSE (45) | MMSE (45) | MMSE (45) | |
| Digital symbol test (22) | Digital symbol test (10) | |||
| Numeric memory (54) | Numeric memory (54) | |||
| Associated memory (54) | Associated memory (54) | |||
| Topological memory (54) | Topological memory (54) | |||
| Short-time memory (14) | ||||
| Concentration (54) | Concentration (54) | |||
| Intellectuality -mental defect (22) | ||||
| Trail making test (4, 16) | ||||
| Endocrine metabolic system | Glucose (27, 32) | Glucose (23, 25, 36) | Glucose (38) | Glucose (8, 9, 41, 47) |
| HBA1C (3, 32) | HBA1C (3, 29) | HBA1C (3, 33, 37, 39, 42–44, 48) | HBA1C (41) | |
| C-peptide (47) | ||||
| Insulin (47) | ||||
| Triglyceride (20, 27, 32) | Triglyceride (19, 36) | Triglyceride (43) | Triglyceride (9, 47) | |
| TC (3, 13, 15, 20, 21, 27, 32, 35) | TC (3, 15, 23, 35) | TC (3, 33, 35, 37, 38, 42, 43, 48) | TC (8, 9) | |
| HDL (27), LDL (32) | HDL (36), LDL (29) | HDL (9, 47),LDL (9, 47) | ||
| Apolipoprotein A1 and B (47) | ||||
| TSH (27) | TSH (34) | |||
| Testosterone (27) | Testosterone (47) | |||
| Vitamin D (40) | Vitamin D (40) | Vitamin D (40) | Vitamin D (47) | |
| Calcium (34) | Calcium (9) | |||
| Potassium (9) | ||||
| Sodium (9) | ||||
| Inorganic phosphorus (34) | ||||
| Urinary system | Urea (3, 15, 20, 32, 35) | Urea (3, 15, 18, 19, 23, 24, 26, 28, 29, 35) | Urea (3, 33–35, 39, 42–44) | Urea (8, 9, 41) |
| Creatinine (3, 27, 32, 35, 40) | Creatinine (35, 40) | Creatinine (3, 33, 34, 37, 39, 42–44, 48) | Creatinine (9, 47) | |
| eGFR (45) | eGFR (45) | eGFR (45) | ||
| Uric acid (39, 44) | Uric acid (47) | |||
| Cystatin C (4, 10, 16, 30) | Cystatin C (47) | |||
| Creatinine clearance (32) | ||||
| Urine specific gravity (32) | ||||
| Urine pH (32) | ||||
| Digestive system | ALT (32) | ALT (23) | ALT (47) | |
| AST (15, 32, 35) | AST (15, 18, 19, 35) | AST (35) | AST (47) | |
| ALP (3, 20, 32) | ALP (3) | ALP (3, 33, 34, 37, 39, 44, 48) | ALP (8) | |
| Total protein (32) | Total protein (34) | Total protein (9) | ||
| Albumin (3, 15, 32) | Albumin (3, 15, 24, 26, 28, 29) | Albumin (3, 33, 34, 37, 39, 42–44, 48) | Albumin (8, 9, 47) | |
| A/G (15, 32) | A/G (15, 24, 25) | |||
| Total bilirubin (32) | Total bilirubin (9) | |||
| Direct bilirubin (32) | ||||
| Amylase (32) | ||||
| Lactate dehydrogenase (21, 32) | Lactate dehydrogenase (19, 23) | |||
| Alpha 2 globulin (8) | ||||
| Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (32) |
||||
| Hematologic System | Red blood cell (40) | Red blood cell (24, 28, 40) | Red blood cell (40, 43) | Red blood cell (8, 9, 47) |
| Red blood cell volume distribution width (39) |
Red blood cell volume distribution width (8, 47) |
|||
| Hematocrit (24, 26) | Hematocrit (8, 9) | |||
| Mean corpuscular volume (39, 42, 44) |
Mean corpuscular volume (9, 47) |
|||
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (25) |
||||
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (9, 47) | ||||
| Hemoglobin (15, 45) | Hemoglobin (15, 18, 19, 23, 24, 45) | Hemoglobin (34, 45) | Hemoglobin (9, 47) | |
| White blood cell (39, 42, 44) | White blood cell (47) | |||
| Granulocytes (47) | ||||
| Neutrophils (47) | ||||
| Basophils (47), Eosinophils (47) | ||||
| Lymphocytes (39, 42, 44) | Lymphocytes (8, 47) | |||
| Monocytes (45) | Monocytes (45) | Monocytes (45) | Monocytes (47) | |
| Platelet (43) | Platelet (9, 47) | |||
| Mean platelet volume (47) | ||||
| Platelet distribution width (47) | ||||
| Erythrocyte | Erythrocyte | |||
| sedimentation rat (20, 27) | sedimentation rat (29) | |||
| D-dimer (10) Fibrinogen (30) |
D-dimer (47) | |||
| Ferritin (35) | Ferritin (35) | Ferritin (35, 43) | Ferritin (41) | |
| Fransferrin (43) | ||||
| Sensory system | Visual accommodation (22, 54) | Visual accommodation (54) | ||
| Visual reaction time (54) | Visual reaction time (54) | |||
| Visual acuity (13, 15) | Visual acuity (15) | |||
| Hearing (13, 21, 22, 54) | Hearing (29) | Hearing (54) | ||
| Vibrotactile (13, 14, 54) | Vibrotactile (54) | |||
| Retinal photos | ||||
| Inflammatory index | CRP (3) | CRP (3) | CRP (3, 33, 37–39, 42–44, 48) | CRP (47) |
| Cytomegalovirus optical density (3) | Cytomegalovirus optical density (3) |
Cytomegalovirus optical density (3, 33, 42) |
||
| Interleukin-6 (38) | ||||
| P-selectin (38) | ||||
| Motion index | Grip strength (13, 14, 45, 54) | Grip strength (31, 45) | Grip strength (45, 54) | |
| Vertical jump (31) | ||||
| Timed up and go test (45) | Timed up and go test (45) | Timed up and go test (45) | ||
| Chair rise time (45) | Chair rise time (45) | Chair rise time (45) | ||
| 1-week physical activity (11, 12) | ||||
| Body morphology index | WC (32, 35) | WC (29, 31, 35, 36) | WC (35) | |
| Waist-to-hip ratio (27, 32) | ||||
| Waist-to-height ratio (40) | Waist-to-height ratio (40) | Waist-to-height ratio (40) | ||
| Body mass index (27, 32) | ||||
| Weight (22) | ||||
| Height (45) | Height (45) | Height (45) | ||
| Body fat (27, 32) | Body fat (29) | |||
| Lean body mass (27, 32) | ||||
| Soft lean mass (31) | ||||
| Genetic index | Terminal telomere restriction fragment (10) |
|||
| Genetic index | Terminal telomere restriction fragment (10) |
SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide; MVEA, mitral annulus peak E anterior wall; MVEL, mitral valve annulus lateral wall of peak velocity of early filling; MVES, mitral valve annulus ventricular septum of the peak velocity of early filling; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1.0 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rat; HBA1C, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; A/G, ratio of albumin to globulin; CRP, c-reactive protein; WC, waist circumference.