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. 2023 Apr 12;14:1102465. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1102465

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Copyright © 2023 Wagner, Pehar, Yan and Kulka.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Trehalose potentiates poly(I:C)-mediated release of various cytokines. HMC3 were left untreated (UT) or treated with 0.15 mM trehalose (Tre) for 3 h and subsequently stimulated with 0.5 μg/mL poly(I:C) for 24 h (Tre + P). For comparison/controls, HMC3 were treated with 0.5 μg/mL poly(I:C) for 24 h or 0.15 mM trehalose (Tre) for 24 h. Cell free supernatants were collected and analyzed via electrochemiluminescent multiplex analysis for (A) IL-1β, (B) IL-4, (C) IL-6, (D) IL-8, (E) IL-10, (F) IL-12p70, (G) IL-22, (H) IFN-γ, (I) CCL2 and, (J) TNF. Data are presented as mean ± SEM for n = 3. Statistical significance was calculated using two-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc analysis: p > 0.05 (ns), p ≤ 0.05 (*), p ≤ 0.01 (**), p ≤ 0.001 (***), p ≤ 0.0001 (****).