Table 5.

Effect of regularization on depression score (PHQ-9) using hybrid models.

	PHQ-9 score
	MODEL 1	MODEL 2
	B coeff (95% CI)	B coeff (95% CI)
Applicant (ref. undocumented) (within-individual effect)	−0.93 (−1.89, 0.04)	−0.77 (−1.74, 0.20)
Regularized (ref. undocumented) (within-individual effect)	−1.56 (−2.65, −0.46)**	−1.33 (−2.43, −0.23)*
Applicant (ref. undocumented) (between-individual effect)	−2.67 (−4.12, −1.22)***	−1.55 (−2.95, −0.15)*
Regularized (ref. undocumented) (between-individual effect)	−3.28 (−4.48, −2.08)***	−2.31 (−3.48, −1.14)***
Wave 1 (ref. Wave 3)	−1.08 (−1.69, −0.48)***	−1.04 (−1.65, −0.44)***
Wave 2 (ref. Wave 3)	−0.77 (−1.31, −0.23)**	−0.62 (−1.17, −0.08)*
Wave 4 (ref. Wave 3)	0.14 (−0.43, 0.71)	0.22 (−0.35, 0.79)
Women (ref. Men)		0.75 (−0.20, 1.70)
Age at baseline		−0.11 (−0.15, −0.06)***
African (ref. Latino American)		2.12 (0.39, 3.84)*
East Asian (ref. Latino American)		−0.53 (−1.50, 0.44)
Eastern European (ref. Latino American)		−2.19 (−3.91, −0.47)*
Secondary education (ref. Primary education)		0.27 (−1.11, 1.65)
Tertiary education (ref. Primary education)		0.56 (−0.98, 2.09)
Length of stay at baseline		0.02 (−0.07, 0.11)
Ability to face an unexpected bill (ref. No)		−0.88 (−1.44, −0.34)**
Number of working hours		−0.02 (−0.03, −0.00)*
Satisfaction with housing conditions (scale from 0 to 10)		−0.27 (−0.38, −0.16)***
Poor (very bad to sufficient) proficiency in French (ref. Good to Excellent)		−0.20 (−0.72, 0.33)
Partnership status (single) (ref. Married)		0.53 (−0.27, 1.33)
Partnership status (unmarried couple) (ref. Married)		−0.25 (−1.09, 0.59)
Nb. Children		0.07(-0.21, 0.35)
Observations (n, N)	387, 1304	387, 1304
R2 interindividual	0.081	0.3
R2 residual	0.014	0.02

***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05, Data source: Parchemins study.