Table 2.
Seaweeds that were genetically transformed.
| Method | Technique | Seaweed | Promotors | Marker | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electroporation | Electrodes create voltage imbalance across the cell membrane, enabling substances to travel through the phospholipid bilayer into the cell. |
Neopyropia yezoensis (formerly Porphyra yezoensis), (Rhodophyta) |
CaMV 35S | GUS | [46]. |
| Microparticle Bombardment | Target cells collide with accelerated DNA-coated non-reactive metal (gold or tungsten) micro projectiles | Gracilaria changii (Rhodophyta) | SV40 | lacZ | [59] |
| Glass bead agitation | Algal cells are activated by glass beads when DNA and polyethylene glycol are together. | NeoPorphyra haitanensis (formerly Pyropia haitanensis) (Rhodophyta) | SV40 | lacZ; EGFP | [60] |
| Electroporation | – | Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) | CaMV 35S | GUS | (X [61]. |
| Particle bombardment | – | Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyceae) | CaMV 35S | GUS | [45] |
| Particle bombardment | – | Ulva australis (formerly Ulva pertusa) (Chlorophyta) | UprbcS | EGFP | [62] |