Table 2.
Clinical data of participants comparing the presence of DAN symptoms (SAS ≥ 3) vs. absence of DAN symptoms (SAS < 3)
| Characteristics | Overall (n = 109) | SAS ≥ 3 (n = 76) | SAS < 3 (n = 33) | Value of p* # | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age a | 54.00 (± 20.00) | 56.00 (± 19.80) | 48.00 (± 22.5) | 0.002** | |
| HbA1c a | 7.70 (± 2.25) | 7.97 (± 2.28) | 7.50 (± 1.10) | 0.043** | |
| Time of DM a | 14.00 (± 16.00) | 14.00 (± 16.00) | 16.00 (± 15.50) | 1.000 | |
| Use of insulin b | 52 (± 47.7) | 31 (± 40.9) | 21 (± 63.6) | 0.028** | |
| AC c | 101.01 (± 14.37) | 103.13 (± 14.58) | 96.15 (± 12.80) | 0.019** | |
| BMI a | 28.73 (± 6.70) | 29.54 (± 7.5) | 27.56 (± 5.10) | 0.013** | |
| Dyslipidemia b | 72 (66.1) | 55 (72.4) | 17 (51.5) | 0.035** | |
| HDL c | 48.45 (± 15.11) | 47.43 (± 14.81) | 50.92 (± 15.84) | 0.333 | |
| Triglycerides a | 137.00 (± 100.50) | 151.00 (± 101.50) | 102.00 (± 7.00) | 0.072 | |
| SBP c | 133.76 (± 19.23) | 135.73 (± 19.44) | 129.21(± 18.20) | 0.104 | |
| DBP c | 78.52 (± 11.32) | 78.44 (± 11.86) | 78.69 (± 10.15) | 0.916 | |
| MS b | 95 (87.2) | 72 (94.7) | 23 (69.7) | 0.001** | |
| Overweight | 46 (42.2) | 30(39.5) | 16 (48.5) | 0.381 | |
| Obesity | 41 (37.6) | 33 (43.4) | 8 (24.2) | 0.058 | |
SAS (Survey of Autonomic Symptoms); HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin); DM (diabetes mellitus); AC (abdominal circumference); BMI (body mass index); HDL (high density lipoprotein); SBP (systolic blood pressure); DBP (diastolic blood pressure); MS (metabolic syndrome).
a Values expressed as the median (± interquartile range).
b Values expressed as proportion n (%).
c Values expressed as the mean (± standard deviation).
*p values were based on the Mann‒Whitney test (skewed continuous variables), Student’s t test (nonskewed continuous variables), or chi-square test (categorical variables).
** p < 0.05.
# Comparison between participants with SAS ≥ 3 points vs. SAS ≤ 3 points.