Table 2.
Characteristics of selected articles
| First Author, Year | Study setting | Study design | # Rural & urban participants |
Participant race & ethnicity | Health disparity | Level of engagement | Primary strategy(ies) | Primary outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kupfer, 2009 | Clinical/hospital setting | Randomized clinical trial | 99 rural 416 urban |
African American non-African American |
Mental health | Inform | Community personnel | Improved recruitment |
| Gold, 1990 | Home/phone | Cohort design | 1168 rural | N/A | Cardiovascular issues | Inform | Community personnel Personnel remuneration |
Poor outcomes Community reservation Perceived charity |
| Levy, 2015 | Clinical/hospital setting | Quasi-experimental | 351 rural | N/A | Cancer | Consult | Community personnel | Increased general health awareness |
| Lilly, 2014 | Community setting | Quasi-experimental | 81 rural | Hispanic non-Hispanic Caucasian African American |
Cardiovascular issues | Consult | Community personnel Tailored materials Focus group |
Improved recruitment Tailored materials |
| Cruz, 2014 | Community setting | Randomized control trial | 2444 rural | American Indian Hispanic |
Nutrient-related and nutrient processing problems | Consult | Community personnel Feedback Personnel remuneration |
Partnership Informed adjustment |
| Nguyen, 2012 | Community setting | Cross-sectional survey | 563 rural | African American American Indian non-Hispanic Caucasian |
Nutrient-related and nutrient processing problems | Consult | Community personnel Community setting |
Improved recruitment |
| McMahon, 2015 | Community setting Home/phone |
Randomized controlled trial Repeated measures |
30 rural | Predominantly non-Hispanic Caucasian | Behavioral and physical health | Consult | Community personnel Feedback |
Feedback Input implementation |
| Warren, 2010 | Community setting | Quasi-experimental | 188 rural | Non-Hispanic Caucasian Black Hispanic |
Cancer Behavioral and physical health |
Involve | Community personnel | Improved study promotion |
| Luque, 2017 | Community setting | Quasi-experimental | 90 rural | Hispanic | Cancer | Involve | Community personnel Tailored materials Community setting |
Improved recruitment Tailored materials Patient-centered |
| Sutton, 2019 | Home/phone | Cross-sectional study-community-based research | 391 rural | Predominantly non-Hispanic Caucasian | Cancer | Involve | Community events Digital access Educational programs |
Community personnel engagement Direct exposure to information |
| Yeary, 2019 | Community setting | Cluster-randomized trial | 426 rural | African American | Nutrient-related and nutrient processing problems | Involve | Community personnel Community setting Tailored materials |
Improved recruitment Improved retention |
| Westfall, 2013 | Home/phone | Controlled trial using a quasi-experimental repeated cross-sectional ecological design | 1048 rural | Predominantly non-Hispanic Caucasian | Cancer | Involve | CBPR Tailored materials |
Improved recruitment Tailored materials |
| Hillemeier, 2008 | Clinical/hospital setting | Randomized controlled trial | 362 rural | non-Hispanic Caucasian (90%) Hispanic African American Asian |
Behavioral and physical health | Involve | CBPR Community personnel |
Tailored materials Active recruitment Passive recruitment |
| Northridge, 2008 | Clinical/hospital setting | Mixed methods | 547 rural 155 urban |
non-Hispanic Caucasian African American |
Behavioral and physical health | Involve | Community personnel | Behavior change Address hard-to-reach population |
| Kogan, 2016 | Community setting | Randomized controlled trial | 465 rural | African American | Behavioral and physical health | Involve | CBPR Community personnel Tailored materials |
Study adherence Intervention delivery |
| Dake, 2011 | Community setting | Stratified random sample | 778 rural | Predominantly non-Hispanic Caucasian | Behavioral and physical health | Involve | Community personnel Tailored materials |
Informed adjustments Co-design |
| Kogan, 2016 | Community setting | Observational/self-report | 505 rural | African American | Involve | Community personnel | N/A | |
| Tussing-Humphreys, 2013 | Community setting | Quasi-experimental | 403 rural | African American | Nutrient-related and nutrient processing problems Behavioral and physical health Cardiovascular issues |
Involve | Community personnel | Educational sessions attendance |
| Folta, 2019 | Home/phone Community setting |
Randomized controlled trial | 194 rural | Predominantly non-Hispanic Caucasian | Nutrient-related and nutrient processing problems Behavioral and physical health Cardiovascular issues |
Involve | Community personnel Community setting Feedback |
Feasible intervention delivery |
| Abbott, 2020 | Community setting | Cluster-randomized controlled trial | 146 rural | African American | Nutrient-related and nutrient processing problems Cardiovascular issues |
Involve | Community personnel Community setting |
Improved retention |
| Logan, 2015 | Home/phone | Mixed method | 806 rural | non-Hispanic Caucasian African American |
Cancer | Involve | Community personnel Tailored materials Feedback |
Feedback Tailored materials Input implementation |
| Hilgeman, 2014 | Clinical/hospital setting | Pilot Study. prospective, randomized, controlled multi-site study Pragmatic trial | 203 rural | Predominantly non-Hispanic Caucasian Black Asian Hispanic |
Patient engagement | Involve | Community personnel Tailored materials |
Decreased time to first appointment |
| Briant, 2018 | Home/phone | Pre- and Post-test cohort design. | 101 rural | Hispanic | Cancer | Involve | CBPR Community personnel Tailored materials |
Tailored materials Improved screening rate |
| Jones, 2016 | Community setting | Quasi-experimental | 41 rural | Predominantly non-Hispanic Caucasian | Behavioral and physical health | Involve | Community personnel Tailored materials Feedback |
Partnership |
| Befort, 2015 | Clinical/hospital setting | Randomized trial | 210 rural | N/A | Cancer Behavioral and physical health |
Involve | Community personnel Tailored materials Community events |
Improved recruitment Tailored materials Partnership |
| Flynn, 1997 | Community setting | Randomized controlled trial-two matched sets | 540 rural | Predominantly non-Hispanic Caucasian | Cancer | Involve | Community personnel Focus group Feedback |
Educational program Barrier-reduction strategies |
| Leach, 2011 | Community setting | Case study | 15 rural | N/A | Cancer | Involve | CBPR Community personnel Tailored materials |
Increased trust Tailored materials Improved recruitment |
| Estabrooks, 2017 | Community setting Home/phone |
Randomized controlled trial-case study | 301 rural | Predominantly non-Hispanic Caucasian | Nutrient-related and nutrient processing problems | Involve | Community personnel Community setting |
Improved recruitment Tailored materials |
| Abbott, 2018 | Community setting | Cluster-randomized controlled trial | 229 rural | African American | Cardiovascular issues | Involve | Community personnel Community setting |
Tailored materials Behavior change |
| Tiwari, 2014 | Community setting | CNOHR – Randomized controlled trial GIFVT – stratified randomized trial TSHS – stratified cluster-randomized trial |
461 rural 597 urban |
Rural American Indian Urban Hispanic, African American, and non-Hispanic Caucasian |
Behavioral and physical health | Involve | CBPR Community personnel Tailored materials |
Improved recruitment Increased trust Partnership Addressing community needs |
| Allman, 2011 | Home/phone | Prospective observational cohort | 366 rural 367 urban |
African American, non-Hispanic Caucasian | Patient engagement | Involve | CBPR Tailored materials |
Improved recruitment Increased trust |
| Hopper, 2017 | Community setting | Community-based participatory research project. Quasi-experimental design | 166 rural | Predominantly African American and American Indian Non-Hispanic Caucasian Other |
Nutrient-related and nutrient processing problems | Collaborate | CBPR Community personnel |
Evidence-informed intervention Community participation |
| Andreae, 2012 | Clinical/hospital setting | Cluster-randomized trial | 424 rural | African American Non-Hispanic Caucasian |
Nutrient-related and nutrient processing problems | Collaborate | Community personnel Feedback |
Improved recruitment Partnership |
| Zoellner, 2013 | Community setting | Randomized controlled pilot study | 91 rural | Predominantly African American | Nutrient-related and nutrient processing problems | Collaborate | CBPR Community personnel |
Increased trust Partnership |
| Powell, 2005 | Community setting | Quasi-experimental and community-based research | 192 rural | African American | Cancer | Collaborate | CBPR Community personnel Tailored materials |
Improved recruitment Improved retention Increased trust Tailored materials |
| Yeary, 2011 | Community setting | Quasi-experimental | 26 rural | African American | Nutrient-related and nutrient processing problems | Collaborate | CBPR Community personnel |
Tailored materials Study sustainability |
| Valerio, 2016 | Community setting | Mixed methods | 117 rural | Hispanic | Patient engagement | Collaborate | Community personnel CAB |
Increased trust Improved recruitment |
| Lemacks, 2018 | Community setting | Theory-driven intervention-clinical trial | 42 rural | African American | Nutrient-related and nutrient processing problems | Collaborate | Community personnel Remuneration Digital access |
Improved recruitment Co-design |
| Vines, 2016 | Community setting | Quasi-experimental | 129 rural | African American | Cancer | Collaborate | Community personnel | Increased trust Partnership |
| Harrell, 2005 | Community setting | Controlled experiment | 205 rural | Racially diverse | Nutrient-related and nutrient processing problems Cardiovascular issues Behavioral and physical health |
Collaborate | Community personnel Community setting Feedback |
Increased participation Community support |
| Love, 2019 | Community setting | Quasi-experimental | 513 rural | American Indian | Nutrient-related and nutrient processing problems Cardiovascular issues | Collaborate | CBPR Community personnel |
N/A |
| Davis, 2009 | Community setting | Randomized controlled clinical trial | 165 rural | African American Non-Hispanic Caucasian |
Nutrient-related and nutrient processing problems | Collaborate | Community personnel Tailored materials |
Community personnel involvement |
| DeMarco, 2014 | Community setting | Pilot project | 44 rural | N/A | Nutrient-related and nutrient processing problems | Collaborate | Community personnel Tailored materials |
Increased trust |
| Zoellner, 2007 | Community setting | Quasi-experimental | 83 rural | Predominantly African American | Nutrient-related and nutrient processing problems | Collaborate | CBPR Community personnel |
Tailored materials Effective delivery |
| Jernigan, 2018 | Community setting | Cluster-randomized controlled trial | 1646 rural | Native American | Nutrient-related and nutrient processing problems | Collaborate | Community personnel Tailored materials Feedback |
Improved recruitment Tailored materials |
| Lane, 2019 | Community setting | Mixed methods | 13 rural | N/A | Nutrient-related and nutrient processing problems | Collaborate | Community personnel CAB |
Increased participant motivation Tailored materials Behavior change |
| Angell, 2003 | Clinical/hospital setting | Randomized controlled trial | 100 rural | Predominantly non-Hispanic Caucasian | Cancer | Co-lead | CBPR Community personnel Tailored materials |
Improved recruitment Improved retention Tailored materials |
| Schroepfer, 2009 | Clinical/hospital setting | Community-based participatory research method-survey | 37 rural | American Indian | Cancer | Co-lead | CBPR Community personnel Tailored materials |
Improved recruitment Improved retention Tailored materials |