Fig. 1.

Protocol overview and sample sizes of REDD1 KO and WT mice with outcomes measured after rest or 1, 3 or 6 h recovery from 60 min treadmill running. At 12 weeks of age, male REDD1 KO and WT mice completed a treadmill acclimation once per day for the 2 d prior to the experimental protocol. Food was removed from cages 3 h prior to experimental protocols. The exercise protocol consisted of a 10 min warm-up (5 min at 10 m/min and 5 min at 15 m/min) immediately followed by 50 min at 18 m/min (~60% VO₂max), all performed at 5% incline. Exercised mice were euthanized at 1, 3 and 6 h post-exercise. Rested mice were placed in cages next to moving treadmills for the protocol duration and euthanized at the 1 h timepoint. KO, knockout; REDD1, regulated in development and DNA damage response-1; WT, wild-type.