Table 1.
Basic characteristics of technologies used to assess children's dietary intake
| Brand name (tool used) | Type of technology | Food intake assessment method | Method of administration | Data entry method | Age group | Language displayed by the software | Country of origin | Data collection setting | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Web-based Food Record (WebFR) |
Web-based software | FR with 24HR's elements | Self-administered | Text | 8–9 years (Medin et al., 2015) 8–9 and 12–14 years (Medin et al., 2016, 2017) |
Norwegian | Norway | School | Medin et al.(49–51) |
| Zambia Tablet-based 24 h recall Tool |
Software with offline functionality | 24HR | Interview | Text | 4–8 years | English | Zambia | Home | Caswell et al.(99) |
|
Portuguese self-administered computerised 24-hour dietary (PAC-24) |
Web-based software | 24HR | Self-administered | Text | 7–10 years | Portuguese | Portugal | School | Carvalho et al.(52) |
| Mobile Food Record (mFR) | Smartphone App | Analysis of images by FR | Self-administered | Food Photos | 3–10 years (Aflague et al., 2015) 8–18 years (Polfuss et al., 2018) 3–12 months (Campbell et al., 2020; Fialkowski et al., 2020) |
English | USA | Not applicable | Aflague et al.; Polfuss et al.; Campbell et al.; Fialkowski et al.(73–76) |
| Dietetyk2 Nutritional Program | Software with offline functionality | Not informed | Not reported | Not reported | 3–6 years | Not reported | Poland | Not reported | Ambroszkiewicz et al.(53) |
| Web-based Dietary Assessment Software for Children (WebDASC) | Web-based software | 24HR | Self-administered | Text | 8–11 years (All the studies) | Danish | Denmark | Home | Andersen et al.; Biltoft-Jensen et al.; Kjeldsen et al.(17–25) |
| Food Intake Recording Software System (FIRSSt) | Software with offline functionality | 24HR | Self-administered | Options for answers | 9–11 years (Baranowski et al., 2002) 8–12 years (Baranowski et al., 2003) 9–10 years (Cullen et al., 2004) |
English | USA | School | Baranowski et al.; Cullen et al.(77–79) |
| Automated Self-Administered 24 Hour Dietary Recall (ASA24) | Web-based software | 24HR | Self-administered | Not reported | 8–13 years | English | USA | School | Baranowski et al.(80) |
| Food Intake Recording Software System version 4 (FIRSSt4) | Web-based software | 24HR | Self-administered | Options for answers | Not informed | English | USA | Not reported | Baranowski et al.(81) |
| eButton | Digital camera | Analysis of images | Self-administered | Food Photos | 9–13 years (Beltran et al., 2018) 8–13 years (Beltran et al., 2016) |
English | USA | Home and school | Beltran et al.(82,83) |
| Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR) | Software with offline functionality | 24HR | Interview | Text | 12 months (Bonuck et al., 2014) 4–24 months (Briefel et al., 2006; Devaney et al., 2004; Ponza et al., 2004) 0–47 months (Butte et al., 2010) 8–10 years (Lanctot et al., 2008) 9–11 years (Van Furth et al., 2016) |
English | USA | Home – by telephone – (Bonuck et al., 2013) | Bonuck et al. Briefel et al.; Butte et al.; Devaney et al.; Lanctot et al.; Ponza et al.; Thompson et al.(26–32) |
| RealityMalta | Web-based software | 24HR | Self-administered | Not reported | 9–11 years | English | Malta | School | Copperstone et al.(33) |
| Consumo Alimentar e Atividade Física de Escolares (CAAFE) | Web-based software | 24HR | Self-administered | Options for answers with figures | 6–12 years (da Costa et al., 2013a, 2013b) 7–10 years (Davies et al., 2015a) 7–11 years (Davies et al., 2015b) |
Portuguese | Brazil | School | da Costa et al.; Davies et al.(34–37) |
| Evernote app | Smartphone App | FFQ | Self-administered | Pictures of foods and text | 9–12 years | English | New Zealand | Home | Davison et al.(38) |
| European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Software (EPIC-soft) | Software with offline functionality | 24HR | Interview | Pictures of foods and text | 7–8 years and 12–13 years (de Boer et al., 2011a, 2011b; Trolle et al., 2011a, 2011b-1) 4–5 years (Trolle et al., 2011b-2) |
Not reported | Denmark and Basque region (Spain) | Home | de Boer et al.; Trolle et al.(39–43) |
| Consumo Alimentar e Atividade Física de Escolares (Web-CAAFE) | Web-based software | 24HR | Self-administered | Options for answers with figures of foods | 7–11 years (Kupek et al., 2016b; Perazi et al., 2020) 7–15 years (Jesus et al., 2017) 7–12 years (Pereira et al., 2020) 7–10 years (Segura et al., 2019) |
Portuguese | Brazil | School | Kupek et al.; de Jesus et al.; Perazi et al.; Pereira et al.; Segura et al.(44–48) |
| The VioScreen FFQ | Web-based software | FFQ | Self-administered | Options for answers with figures of foods | 6–14 years | English | USA | Home | Deierlein et al.(84) |
| Tool for Energy Balance in Children (TECH) | Digital camera | FR | Self-administered | Food photos and text | 5–6 years (Delisle Nyström et al., 2016) 4 years (Cadenas-Sanchez et al., 2017) 3 years (Henriksson et al., 2015) 4 years (Parekh et al., 2018) |
Sweden | Sweden | Home | Cadenas-Sanchez et al.; Delisle Nystrom et al.; Henriksson et al.; Parekh et al.(54–57) |
| Nutrient Data System | Software with offline functionality | 24HR | Interview | Not reported | 4–10 years | English | USA | Home (by telephone) | Derr et al.(85) |
| Automated Self-Administered 24 Hour Dietary Recall for Children (ASA24-Kids-2012) | Web-based software | 24HR | Self-administered | Not reported | 9–11 years | English | USA | Childcare centres | Diep et al.(86) |
| Previous Day Food Questionnaire (PDFQ) | Web-based software | 24HR | Self-administered | Options for answers with pictures of foods | 7–12 years | Portuguese | Brazil | School | Engel et al.(100) |
| Intake24 software | Web-based software | 24HR | Interview | Text | 8–11 years | English | New Zealand | School | Eyles et al.(95) |
| European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Software (EPIC-soft Data Entry) | Software with offline functionality | 24HR | Interview | Options for answers and text | 4 months–10 years | Not reported | Not reported | Home (in person or by telephone) | Freisling et al.(101) |
| Self-Administered Children and Infant Nutrition Assessment (SACINA) | Software with offline functionality | 24HR | Self-administered | Options for answers | 2–9 years (Graffe et al., 2019) 4–10 years (Börnhorst et al., 2013) 2–9 years (Börnhorst et al., 2014; Svensson et al., 2014) |
Not reported | Not reported | School | Börnhorst et al.; Graffe et al.; Svensson et al.(102–105) |
| No brand name (Canada) | Web-based software | FFQ | Self-administered | Options for answers | 6–12 years | Not reported | Canada | Home | Bischoff and Portella(87) |
| No brand name (Australia) | Computer-based | 24HR | Interview | Text | 2–16 years | Not reported | Not reported | Home | Clifton et al., 2011(106) |
| Audio-enhanced tablet computer-based food frequency questionnaire (ATC-based FFQ) | Software with offline functionality | FFQ | Self-administered | Text | 2–13 years | English and Spanish | USA | Home | Kilanowski et al.(88) |
| No brand name (Norway) | Web-based software | FFQ and 24HR | Self-administered | Not reported | 3–5 years (Kristiansen et al., 2017, 2019) | English | Norwegian | Home e school | Kristiansen et al.(58,59) |
| Young Adolescents’ Nutrition Assessment on Computer (YANA-C) | Software with offline functionality | 24HR | Self-administered | Not reported | 9–11 years (Lahoz-Garcia and Garcia-Hermoso, 2018; Lahoz-Garcia et al., 2015) | Spanish | Belgium | School | Lahoz-Garcia and Garcia-Hermoso; Lahoz-Garcia et al.(60,61) |
| No brand name (United Kingdom) | Smart card system | Not applicable | Barcode reading | Barcode | 8–11 years | English | United Kingdom | School (cantina school) | Lambert et al.(62–64) |
| United States Department of Agriculture Automated Multiple-Pass Method program (USDA AMPM) | Software with offline functionality | 24HR | Interview | Not reported | ≥4 years (Lee et al., 2014) 1–13 years (Shakur et al., 2012) |
English | USA | Home | Lee et al.; Shakur et al.(89,90) |
| ENIA-soft | Software with offline functionality | FR and food propensity questionnaire for supplements | Self-administered | Text | 6–17 years | Spanish | Spain | Home | López-Sobaler et al.(65) |
| No brand name (Poland) | Smart card system | FR | Barcode reading | Barcode | 6–12 years | Not applicable | Poland | School | Luszczki et al.(66) |
| No brand name (USA) | Digital camera | FR | Self-administered | Food Photos | 9–12 years | English | USA | Home | Matthiessen et al., 2011(91) |
| Synchronised Nutrition and Activity Program™ (SNAP™) | Web-based software | 24HR and FFQ | Self-administered | Text | 7–15 years (Moore et al., 2007, 2013) | English | England | Home | Moore et al.(67,68) |
| No brand name (Reino Unido) | Software with offline functionality | 24HR and FFQ | Interview | Text | 9–11 years | English | England | School | Moore et al.(69) |
| No brand name (USA Nick) | Digital camera | Analysis of images | Collected by interviewers | Food photos | 3 years and 8 months–5 years (Nicklas et al., 2012) 3 years and 10 months–5 years (Nicklas et al., 2017) 8–11 years (Taylor et al., 2014) |
Not reported | USA | Home and school | Nicklas et al.; Taylor et al.(92,93) |
| Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) | App | FR | Self-administered | Pictures of foods | 9–15 years | Not reported | Spanish | Hospital | Oliver et al.(70) |
| No brand name (New Zealand) | Software with offline functionality | 24HR | Interview | Options for answers and text | 5–14 years (Parnell et al., 2003; Thomson et al., 2007) | Not reported | New Zealand | Home and school | Parnell et al.; Thomson et al.(96,97) |
| Computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) | Computer-based | FFQ | Interview | Text | 4–12 years | English | Australia | Home | Sanigorski et al.(98) |
| Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool (ASA24-Canada) | Web-based software | 24HR | Self-administered | Text | 2–5 years | English | Canada | School | Wallace et al.(94) |
| No brand name (Sweden) | Digital camera | FR | Self-administered | Food photos | 12 months | Not applicable | Sweden | Home | Johansson et al.(71) |
| My E-Diary and Lifestyle (MEDAL) | Web-based software | FR | Self-administered | Options for answers and text | 7–13 years | English | Singapore | Home and school | Chia et al.(108) |
| Digital photography (no brand name) | Digital camera | FR | Self-administered | Food photos | 7–8 years (Erkilic et al., 2020) 5–7 years (Normanet al., 2020) |
Not applicable | Not applicable | Home and school | Erkilic et al.; Norman et al.(109,110) |
| Multiple-Pass 24 Diet (MP24Diet) | Smartphone App | 24HR | Self-administered | Options for answers | 6–23 months | Not reported | Indonesia | Home | Htet et al.(107) |
| NutriKids | Smartphone App | FR | Self-administered | Options for answers and recognition of food's brand and specificities (using camera) | Not reported | French | Switzerland | Hospital | Jacques et al.(72) |
FR, Food Records; 24HR, 24-hour dietary recall; App, Application; USA, United States of America; FFQ, Food Frequency Questionnaire.